A&P - 3.2 The Cytoplasm and Cellular organization (membranous organelles)

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11 Terms

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cytosol

jelly-like substance within the cell, provides the fluid medium necessary for biochemical reactions

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organelles

internal structures of a cell (intracellular), carry out specialized metabolic tasks

  • two types of organelles

    • membranous organelles

    • non-membranous organelles

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cytoplasm

the organelles and cytosol together compose the cell’s cytoplasm

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membranous organelles

isolated from the cytosol by a phospholipid membrane (just at the plasma membrane isolates the cytosol from the extracellular fluid)

  • includes: nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and golgi apparatus (golgi complex)

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endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

cellular organelle that consists of interconnected membrane-bound tubules (system of channels) connected to the nuclear envelope and composed of the same lipid bilayer material; which may or may not be associated with ribosomes (rough type or smooth type)

<p>cellular organelle that consists of interconnected membrane-bound tubules (system of channels) connected to the nuclear envelope and composed of the same lipid bilayer material; which may or may not be associated with ribosomes (rough type or smooth type)</p>
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rough ER

  • rough because large numbers of ribosomes attach to its surface

  • after nucleus mRNA binds to ribosome

  • primary job of the rough ER is to translate the mRNA to synthesize, fold, and modify

    • typically a protein is synthesized within the ribosome and released inside the channel of the rough ER

<ul><li><p>rough because large numbers of ribosomes attach to its surface</p></li><li><p>after nucleus mRNA binds to ribosome</p></li><li><p>primary job of the rough ER is to translate the mRNA to synthesize, fold, and modify </p><ul><li><p>typically a protein is synthesized within the ribosome and released inside the channel of the rough ER</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>
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smooth ER

  • lacks ribosomes

  • main functions of smooth ER is the synthesizes lipids and steroid hormones, regulates the concentration of cellular calcium ions, as well as performing a detoxification role (breaks down certain toxins)

<ul><li><p>lacks ribosomes</p></li><li><p>main functions of smooth ER is the synthesizes lipids and steroid hormones, regulates the concentration of cellular calcium ions, as well as performing a detoxification role (breaks down certain toxins)</p></li></ul><p></p>
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golgi apparatus

  • responsible for sorting, modifying, and shipping of the products that come from the ER (known as packaging and shipping center - “UPS” of proteins)

  • looks like stacked flattened pancakes

  • two specialized vesicles are formed by the golgi apparatus:

    • lysosomes

    • peroxisomes

<ul><li><p>responsible for sorting, modifying, and shipping of the products that come from the ER (known as packaging and shipping center - “UPS” of proteins)</p></li><li><p>looks like stacked flattened pancakes</p></li><li><p>two specialized vesicles are formed by the golgi apparatus:</p><ul><li><p>lysosomes</p></li><li><p>peroxisomes</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>
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lysosomes

  • some proteins are packaged as new lysosomes that contain digestive enzymes or are sent for fusion with existing lysosomes

  • special vesicles that provide an isolated environment for potentially dangerous chemical reactions

<ul><li><p>some proteins are packaged as new lysosomes that contain digestive enzymes or are sent for fusion with existing lysosomes</p></li><li><p>special vesicles that provide an isolated environment for potentially dangerous chemical reactions</p></li></ul><p></p>
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peroxisome

membrane-bound organelles that contain enzymes primarily responsible for detoxifying harmful substances (neutralize toxins)

<p>membrane-bound organelles that contain enzymes primarily responsible for detoxifying harmful substances (neutralize toxins)</p>
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mitochondria

  • the powerhouse of the cell; responsible for ATP synthesis through aerobic respiration

  • double-layered membrane, has its own DNA

    • cristae - folded internal membrane

    • matrix - liquid enclosed by the inner membrane

<ul><li><p>the powerhouse of the cell; responsible for ATP synthesis through aerobic respiration</p></li><li><p>double-layered membrane, has its own DNA</p><ul><li><p>cristae - folded internal membrane </p></li><li><p>matrix - liquid enclosed by the inner membrane</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>