VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY

what are the self cleaning processes?

what are the self cleaning processes?

• Coughing

• Sneezing

• Vomiting

• Diarrhea

• Urine flow

Activated immediately "on call"

INNATE IMMUNITY

Response are generic

INNATE IMMUNITY

Sentinel cells

Neutrophils

macrophages

mast cells

lymphoid cells

basophils

eosinophils

what time of immunity does inflammation belong?

innate

targets Intracellular/ endogenous invaders (intracellular bacteria, viruses, protozoa) is targeted

Cellular mediated

also known as Body fluid which they target Extracellular/ exogenous invaders (mostly bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminths)

Humoral

a immune cell that kills abnormal cell

Cytotoxic T-cells

a T-cell provide a signal for adaptive immune response

Helper T-cells

A T-cell that regulates immune response

Regulatory T-cells

an immunity with a Smart responses. Ultimate defense of the body and Not only destroys but retains memory

Adaptive immunity

Immune cells that trapped and processed invaders

dendritic/macrophages

protective molecules from serum that Highly specific and bind only to the antigen and ensure its destruction

Antibodies

a foreign substance that stimulates an adaptive immune response

Antigen

has a 1 week lag period and Corresponding B-cells populations grow and begin to produce antibody

Singe-dose toxin

Lag period is shorter and The amount of antibodies rises to a high level before declining slowly and also called "anamnestic response"

2nd dose of toxin / 2nd response

Survive only a few days before being rejected and destroy by the recipient.

CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY

a type of immunity that cannot transferred from a sensitized to a normal animal by serum

CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY

Small unspectacular round cells where Antigen receptors that respond to foreign antigens

LYMPHOCYTE

source of lymphocyte in older yolk and adults

Bone marrow

Source of Lymphocyte in stem cells

Fetal  omentum

Liver

Yolk sac

Organs that produces your lymphocytes

Spleen, Lymph nodes, Thymus

Hematopoietic organ and both primary and secondary lymphoid organ

bone marrow

major source of antibodies

bone marrow

this compartment houses the stem cells of the bone marrow

Hematopoietic compartment

a compartment in the bone marrow where antigen are mainly trapped

Vascular compartment

a compartment in the bone marrow that Consist of blood sinuses lined by endothelial cells

Vascular compartment

Organs that regulate the development of lymphocyte and as the animal matures, premature lymphocyte from the bone marrow move to primary lymphoid organs to mature

PRIMARY LYMPHOID ORGAN

t cells maturation site

thymus

B cells maturation site

Birds = Bursa of Fabricius

Primates and Rodents = Bone marrow

Rabbits and Ruminants = Intestinal Lymphoid tissues

what are the lymphoid organs

1. Thymus

2. Bursa of Fabricius

3. Peyer's patches

Located in the thoracic cavity in front and below the heart

Thymus

thymus size of a newborn animal

relative size being greatest

thymus size before puberty

absolute size being greates

thymus size in adult

small and difficult to find

structure of the thymus that is the outer part of each lobule andDensely infiltrated with lymphocyte

Cortex

structure of the thymus that is the inner part with fewer lymphocytes and epithelial cells are clear visible

Medulla

this regulate thymic activity since the produce a growth factor called THYMIC STROMAL LYMPHOPROTEIN (TSLP)

Hassall's corpuscles

Found only Avian and a round sac located above cloaca

Bursa of Fabricius

• Reaches the largest size ______ after hatching and shrinks as the bird ages

1-2 weeks

structure in the bursa where lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages are located

Cortex

structure in the bursa where replaced lymphoblasts and lymphocyte

Medullary epithelial cells

this activates B-cells and not T-cells  in bursa

Bursin

act like a thymus

bursa

site for B-cells proliferation  in peyer’s

ileal PP MA

major source of Bcells

Peyer's patches

peyer’s patches are found in

intestine

structure in the peyer’s that Consist of densely packed lymphoid follicles

Ileal PPs

Pear shaped follicles structure in peyer’s

Jejunal PPs

jejunal PP in pigs

30

ileal in pig pig and dog

1 and large

in rodents and primates, jejunal and ileal develop during?2

2-4 weeks

Respond to a huge diversity of organs than an animals encounter

SECONDARY  LYMPHOID

Arise late in fetal life and persist in adults

SECONDARY  LYMPHOID

Facilitates antigen trapping and provides the optimal environment for the initiation of immune response

SECONDARY  LYMPHOID

origin in primary lymph organ

endoderm

origin of secondary lymph organ

mesoderm

what are the secondary lymph organs

Lymph nodes

Hemolymph nodes

Spleen

Facilitate the interactions between antigen-presenting cells and antigen-sensitive T and B-cells

Lymph Nodes

small proteins which stimulate the migration of cells

chemokines

immune cells that are highly active and motile

T and b cells

Round/bean-shaped filters placed on lymphatic vessels

lymph node

structure of the lymph node that is filled with lymphocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells through which lymphatic sinuses penetrate

capsule

structure of the interior lymph node where B-cells predominate, arranged in follicles Central-medulla

Peripheral cortex

structure of the interior lymph node where T-cells and dendritic cells predominate

Paracortex

structure of the interior lymph node where B-cells grow, mutate and mature

Germinal Centers (Cortex)

site of the cortex where immunoglobin class switching memory B-cells formation

Light zone

structure of lymph node that Are lined with tall, rounded endothelial cells

Paracortical cord

structure of the lymph node that consist of collagen fibers ensheathed by fibroreticular cells (not continuous)

Conduits

in this circulation where Naïve T-cells bind to HEV in lymph nodes and primed migrate through the tissue fluid

First route of Circulation

in this circulation, T-cells leave the bloodstream through conventional blood vessels in tissues and are then carried to lymph nodes through afferent lymphatics

Second route of Circulation

away from the lymph nodes

efferent

towards the lymph nodes

affarent

Afferent lymph (sheep)

85% cells, 5% B cells, 10% dendritic cells

Efferent lymph

5% T cells, 25 % B cells

Filter blood-borne pathogen and antigens

Spleen

Stores red cells, and platelets, recycle iron and undertakes red cell production in the fetus

Spleen

a pulp in the spleen that is Antigen-presenting cells, lymphocytes, plasma cells

red pulp a

a pulp in the spleen that Separated by Marginal zone and Consist of macrophages, dendritic cells, population of B-cells

White pulp

ILC 1 located in?

intestinal mucosa

ILC 2 located in

lung, skin, bone marrow, liver, mesenteric fat and small intestine

ILC 3 is located in

GIT

Sum of the host's defenses to infectious stimuli

INFLAMMATION

Inflammation can cause:

• Redness

• Swelling

• Heat

• Pain

• Loss of function

a type of inflammation that is Rapid , Short-lived and dissipates within hours to days

acute inflammation

an inflammation that is self limiting or heals on its own

acute inflammation

a type of inflammation that Stay active the initial threat is eliminated or WBCs attacking nearby healthy tissues and organs

chronic inflammation

MAJOR EVENT OF AN INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE (sunod)

vasodilation, increase in capillary, influx of phagocyte, chemotaxis

event in inflammatory response where Blood vessels widen allowing more blood to flow through

Vasodilation

event in inflammatory response where facilities the influx of fluids

Increase in Capillary Permeability

event in inflammatory response where Margination occurs in which there is the adherence of these phagocytic cells to the endothelia wall

Influx of Phagocyte

event in inflammatory response where Migration and recruitment of inflammatory cells and stem cells in response to tissue damage for would healing and tissue maintenance and repair

Chemotaxis

Engorgement of the capillary network is also called as?

erythema

The passage of blood cells through the unruptured wall of a blood vessel into the surrounding tissues

DIAPEDESIS

The presence of invading microorganism is detected by sensing their characteristic surface molecules or nucleic acids.

PAMPS (Pathogen - associated molecular pattern)

Cells detect molecules released from damaged tissues and broken cells.

DAMPS (Damage - associated molecular pattern)

Also called alarmins

DAMPS (Damage - associated molecular pattern)

example of PAMPS bacteria

• Walls of G+ bacteria

• G+ bacteria

• G- bacteria

• Acid-fast

• Yeast B-glucan rich wall

Bacterial LPS (lipopolysaccharide)  binds to?

• MD-2

• LPS

• CD14

Bacterial LPS (lipopolysaccharide) cannot bind directly to what TLr?

TLR4