Workplace Behaviors, Diversity, and Organizational Socialization: Key Concepts and Causes

What are counterproductive workplace behaviors (CWBs)?

Volitional acts that harm or are intended to harm organizations or people in organizations.

What are the features of the definition of CWBs?

Must be volitional, acts do not need to be intentional, and harm can be direct or indirect.

Can individuals exhibit both organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) and CWBs simultaneously?

Yes, individuals can exhibit both OCBs and CWBs at the same time.

What are the two categories of causes for CWBs according to Gruys and Sackett's model?

Person-based and situation-based causes.

What are some examples of organizational CWBs?

Being late, sabotage, and wasting time.

What are some examples of individual CWBs?

Being rude, insulting, and starting rumors.

What is production deviance?

Slowing down work purposefully or not putting in full effort.

What is sabotage in the context of CWBs?

Deliberately damaging equipment, such as breaking a printer to hinder others' work.

What does theft refer to in workplace behaviors?

Stealing from the organization or coworkers.

Define absenteeism as a form of CWB.

Not showing up for work, which can be due to ability or desire.

What are the three forms of commonly studied abuse toward others in organizations?

Workplace incivility, abusive supervision, and social undermining.

What are person-based causes of CWBs?

Traits such as conscientiousness, trait anger, self-control, and narcissism.

What are some situation-based causes of CWBs?

Norms, stress, and perceptions of injustice.

What is workplace incivility?

Benign inconsiderate behaviors that create a negative work environment.

What is abusive supervision?

A form of nonphysical abuse where a supervisor mistreats employees.

What is social undermining?

Behavior aimed at harming someone's reputation or relationships at work.

What is the most common form of withdrawal in the workplace?

Absenteeism.

What are low base rate CWBs?

Behaviors such as production deviance, employee theft, workplace violence, drug and alcohol use, and sexual harassment.

What is moral licensing in the context of CWBs?

The phenomenon where individuals feel justified in engaging in CWBs after performing good deeds.

What is moral disengagement?

A psychological process that allows individuals to engage in CWBs without feeling guilt.

What is prejudice?

A negative attitude or affective response toward a certain group and its individual members.

What is discrimination?

Unfair treatment of members of a particular group based on their membership in that group, which can be deliberate or unintentional.

What theory underpins the theoretical foundation for inclusion?

Optimal Distinctiveness Theory.

What does intersectionality consider?

The overlapping marginalized identities one possesses, recognizing that identifying outcomes of one identity does not cover intersectional experiences.

What is the discrimination and fairness perspective?

Focus on justice and fair treatment of all members as a moral imperative.

What is the access and legitimacy perspective?

Recognition that an organization's markets and constituents are culturally diverse, and matching the workforce is a way of gaining access and legitimacy to those markets.

What is the learning and integration perspective?

Belief that the skills, experiences, and insights of diverse employees are valuable resources for learning and change.

How is discrimination related to job stress?

Discrimination is positively related to job stress.

What is the relationship between perceived discrimination and turnover intentions?

Perceived discrimination is negatively related to turnover intentions.

What is the 'gay glass ceiling'?

A phenomenon where gay men earn less than heterosexual men.

What effect does disclosure of sexual orientation have on workplace dynamics?

Disclosure is related to psychological commitment and less conflict between work and home.

What does role congruity theory explain?

The perceived incongruity between female gender roles and leadership roles leads to forms of prejudice.

How do feedback differences manifest between genders?

Men receive more superlative language and the benefit of the doubt, while women are told to be less aggressive.

What barriers do individuals with disabilities face in organizations?

They face many barriers to organizational entry, with a negative effect on hiring decisions and performance expectations.

What is sex-based harassment?

Behavior that derogates, demeans, or humiliates an individual based on their sex.

What is the goal of diversity training strategies?

To teach skills and not just information for effective training.

What does mindfulness in diversity training involve?

Intentionally bringing awareness to the present moment.

What is stereotype substitution?

Replacing thoughts of negative stereotypes with positive mental images.

What is perspective taking in diversity training?

Taking the perspective of another person to understand their point of view.

What does individuation mean in the context of diversity?

Getting to know people as unique individuals.

What is implicit bias training?

Training that measures held beliefs that exist outside our awareness but can impact our understanding, actions, and decisions.

What are examples of implicit biases?

Affinity, halo effect, confirmation.

What factors predict training transfer?

Non-white status, consequences for performing learned skills, and skill-based learning are predictors of transfer.

Organizational Socialization

Represents the process by which an individual makes a transition from outsider to organizational member

Long-term process

A characteristic of organizational socialization

Onboarding

Separate from organizational socialization, but both are important

Two perspectives of organizational socialization

Organization and Newcomer

Anticipatory Socialization

Anxiety before hand

Encounter

Showing up to work

Change and Acquisition

Change things to fit into an organization

Behavioral Outcomes

Start doing behaviors that they are asking you to

Affective outcome

How you feel about doing the behaviors

Collective versus individual

Going through socialization alone or with others

Formal versus informal

Refers to the socialization structure and process

Sequential versus random

Refers to if steps for socialization exist

Fixed versus variable

Refers to if socialization efforts are planned and known

Serial versus disjunctive

Refers to if experienced members mentor (groom) new members

Investiture versus divestiture

Refers to if organizations take advantage of the unique aspects of newcomers

Types of Information Newcomers Seek

Referent information, performance information, normative information, social information

Referent information

How do I get liked by my coworkers

Performance information

Performance expectations, how to perform

Normative information

What are the typical behaviors within that organization

Social Information

Interpersonal relationships in a organization

Interactional Perspective

Examines the interaction between organizations and individuals' methods of socialization

Effectiveness of organizational socialization tactics

More effective when newcomers exhibited less feedback-seeking and information-seeking behaviors

Proactive employees

Organizational socialization tactics had little effect on them