20 marker- ethnic inequalities

work

• black graduates are 2x more likely to be unemployed than white counterpart

• 70% of ethnic minorities experienced racial harassment at work

Pilkington: ethnic penalty e.g lang barrier

Davidson: concrete ceiling

NCSR: applications- names

education

• 70% of professors are white

• black pupils 3x likely to be excluded

ball: British education system is hard to get used to

Gillborn: institutional racism

coard: ethnocentric

Jasper: labelling

poverty

• 40% of ethnic minorities are low-income families

• 40% of ethnic minorities live in poor housing

Flaherty: poverty due to high rates of unemployment, focus on low-paid jobs, and education disadvantage

Alcock: As a result, they feel socially excluded

crime

• afro-caribbean are 7 times more likely to be stopped and searched

• afro-caribbeans are 4x more likely to go to jail

hall and gilroy: crime closely related to class

bowling: black criminality

mcpherson report: institutional racism