Basic Helping Skills final exam

Adivce

A suggestion or recommendation for someone to consider when making a decision or dealing with a problem.

Tell someone what to do, make a suggestion, state a solution

Paraphrasing

A communication technique that involves restating what someone has said in your own words to ensure understanding and demonstrate active listening.

Reflection of emotions

_{A technique used in counseling to identify and express feelings conveyed by a client, often by restating what the client has shared in emotional terms.}

Purpose of reflections of emotions

To validate and clarify a client's feelings, fostering deeper understanding and connection.

empathy, all the benefits of paraphrasing, process emotions, and growing insight

rogers client-centered theroy

A therapeutic approach developed by Carl Rogers that emphasizes empathy, unconditional positive regard, and active listening to foster a supportive environment for client growth.

rogers theory of personality development

A psychological framework developed by Carl Rogers emphasizing the importance of self-actualization and the innate drive towards personal growth and fulfillment.

defenses

Psychological mechanisms that protect individuals from anxiety and emotional pain by distorting reality or preventing awareness of distressing thoughts and feelings.

perceptual distortion

A defense mechanism where an individual alters their perception of reality to reduce anxiety or conflict, often leading to a denial of truth.

denial

A defense mechanism that involves refusing to accept reality or facts, thereby blocking external events from awareness.

reintegration

The process of integrating previously disowned feelings, thoughts, or parts of one's personality back into consciousness to achieve a more cohesive self.

Facilitative conditions

congruence, empathy, unconditional positive regard

unconditional positive regard

An attitude of acceptance and support towards a client, regardless of their feelings, thoughts, or behaviors.

Non-judgemental respect

empathy

The ability to understand and share the feelings of another person, which fosters a strong therapeutic connection.

congruence

the alignment of a person's internal experiences and external expressions, fostering genuine interactions.

Authenticity

self-actulization

The process of realizing and fulfilling one’s potential and capabilities, achieving personal growth and inner potential.

conditions of worth

The demands and judgments imposed on individuals by others, affecting their self-esteem and self-acceptance.

organismic valuing process

The inherent ability to evaluate experiences based on personal values and needs, guiding choices towards fulfillment and well-being.

split real vs ideal real self

The perception of an individual's actual self compared to their ideal self, often leading to feelings of inadequacy or dissatisfaction.

Between the two causes anxiety

Autonomy

The ability to make one's own choices and decisions without external control or influence, contributing to self-direction and personal freedom.

helper burden

The emotional and psychological strain experienced by helpers as they assist others, often leading to stress or burnout.

downside of questions

power shift, controlling, helper burden, patience, passivity, defensiveness, cultural differences

upsides of questions

The positive effects of asking questions, including promoting engagement, clarifying information, and facilitating deeper understanding.

open question or probe marker

A type of question used to encourage a deeper conversation and allow the respondent to elaborate on their thoughts, feelings, or experiences.

When the client is stuck and not sure how to explore further, and where they are avoiding or neglecting the topic

open questions examples

Questions that invite detailed responses, such as "What are your thoughts on this situation?" or "How did that make you feel?"

closed questions

Questions that can be answered with a simple "yes" or "no," limiting the depth of discussion.

probes

Techniques used to encourage further discussion or clarity on a subject.

(tell me more)

(tell me your thoughts on that)

projective questions

A what if that invites the client to speculat

(on a scale of one to ten how much is this a problem)

Exception question

A technique used in therapy to explore the circumstances under which a problem does not occur, helping clients identify strengths and resources.

(was there ever a time when the problem didn’t happen)

Common pitfall

Why questions, and change to what questions

(why did you start smoking)

(What was going on that lead you to that decision to smoke again)

Giving feedback: concrete

Providing specific, actionable information on a person's behavior or performance.

Giving feedback: Psychoed

logical information provided to clients to enhance their understanding and insight into their situation and progress in therapy.

guidelines for giving

permission, relevant, specific, behavioral, changeable, strengths, close proximity, matter-of-fact tone, monitor their reaction

receiving feedback why?

open-mind, learn more about them, better relationships and outcomes, no one is perfect, learning

Client feedback: hesitation to give

feedback due to fear of judgment or concern about the therapist's reaction, which can hinder open communication and therapeutic progress. Scary and fear it might hurt the relationship

Client feedback: expectations

refers to the client's perception of what outcomes or changes they hope to achieve from the helping process. joint responsibility for success

Client feedback: steps

Invite feedback, praise them for giving feedback, and then plan, execute, and get feedback about change

supervisor feedback

similar to client feedback, seek out/invite feedback, express gratitude and compliments. Manage bad feedback, plan, execute, and get feedback about change

self-disclosure guidlines

sparingly, selectively, emphasizing similarity, tone, relationship building

validation skill

Validation skill involves acknowledging and accepting a client's thoughts, feelings, or experiences as understandable and legitimate. This helps clients feel heard and valued. (it’s ok to feel…)

affirmation skill

A technique used in helping relationships to reinforce a client's feelings or actions, acknowledging their worth and supporting their self-esteem. (you are…)

skillful approval

of a client’s positive attributes and efforts, reinforcing their self-esteem and encouraging further growth. (nice, good job, awesome job)

Immediacy

A therapeutic technique in which the helper addresses the present moment and the feelings or dynamics occurring in the relationship with the client. This helps enhance awareness and fosters an open dialogue.

self disclosure via nonverbal expressions

revealing personal feelings or experiences through body language, facial expressions, and other nonverbal cues in a helping relationship.

explaining nonverbals

the process of sharing personal feelings or experiences through body language, facial expressions, and other non-verbal cues to deepen client connection. (Narrote, “im smiling right now”

via reflection

(as you describe this) (as i hear this)

self-disclosure to validate

the client's feelings or experiences, helping them feel understood and accepted. (sometimes i feel the same way about tests)

universal self-disclosure

The practice of sharing personal thoughts or feelings in a way that is relatable to clients, enhancing trust and understanding in the therapeutic relationship. (everyone has self-doubts)

motivational

interviewing techniques that enhance a client's intrinsic motivation to change by exploring and resolving ambivalence. (ask reasons why not to change, go over good things about change, say both reasons but start with negative, if want to change (explore barriers)

unavoidable disclosure

some demographics (age), attire, pregnancy, office decor

validity

the degree to which a tool or method accurately measures what it is intended to measure.

confidentiality

The ethical principle that ensures a client's privacy is protected and that any information shared within a helping relationship is kept strictly between the helper and the client.

limited of confidentiality

confidentiality that is not absolute and may be breached under certain circumstances such as risk of harm to self or others. Abuse of vulnerable populations, subpoena from court, supervision and traning

informed consent

the process of obtaining permission from clients before starting any assessment or treatment, ensuring they understand the implications of their participation.

boundaries

Guidelines that define the limits and responsibilities in a helping relationship, protecting both the client and helper from overreach.Gifts, competence

QPR- suicide

Question, Persuade, Refer

Question (specific plan - method, when, lethality of plan)

Persuade (express gratitude, summarize and express genuine concern)

Refer (qualified professional)

self-disclosure

The process of revealing personal information to a client during a helping relationship to foster trust and facilitate communication.

SMART goals

Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound objectives that guide goal setting in helping relationships.

Assertiveness

middle ground, my needs are imporant so are theirs. Behavioral specific, don’t apologize for needs or wants

passive

A communication style characterized by avoiding confrontation and not expressing one's needs or feelings.

aggressive

A communication style characterized by expressing feelings, needs, and rights in a straightforward and honest manner, while respecting others.

progressive muscle relaxation

A technique used to reduce stress and promote relaxation by systematically tensing and then relaxing different muscle groups. “pendulum effect”. Great to do before bed. Medical disclaimers

Dr.Phil reading

more for entertainment and not for psychology. He didn’t use any helping skills and rather told them what was wrong with them and what they should be doing making them feel bad

Classical conditioning

A learning process through which behaviors are modified by the association of stimuli with responses, famously demonstrated by Pavlov's experiments with dogs.(Pavlov’s dog salivating)

Stimulus generalization

The phenomenon where an organism responds to stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus, often resulting in the same conditioned response. (conditioned response spreads to related but new situations)

operant conditioning

A learning process where behaviors are controlled by consequences, involving reinforcement or punishment. (reinforcement is more effective then punishment)

Social learning theory

The theory that behaviors are learned through observing and imitating others, emphasizing the role of models in learning and behavior modification. (observational learning - bobo doll experiment)

Extinction

withholding reinforcement from a previously reinforced response (enxtinction burst: tantrums in grocery store). Eventually conditioned response stops

Functional assessment: ABC sheet

A systematic method used to identify the antecedents, behaviors, and consequences of a behavior to develop effective interventions.

Exposure therapy

A behavioral therapy that gradually exposes individuals to anxiety-provoking stimuli to help them overcome their fear. (goal= habituation - decrease in anxiety/sud)

Invivo exposure

A type of exposure therapy where the individual is exposed to real-life situations or stimuli in their environment to confront and reduce anxiety.

Behavioral activation

A therapeutic approach designed to help individuals increase engagement in valued activities to combat depression and enhance emotional well-being. (dependent behavior) be realistic with client

Automatic thoughts

The mental responses or interpretations that occur spontaneously in reaction to various situations, often influencing emotions and behaviors.

Maldaptaive thoughts

Negative thought patterns that are irrational and contribute to emotional distress and maladaptive behaviors. (self, world, or others)

Cognitive ABC sheet

A tool used in cognitive-behavioral therapy that helps individuals identify and challenge automatic thoughts by breaking down situations into the components: Activating Event, Beliefs, and Consequences.

cognitive distortions

Irrational thought patterns that skew reality and contribute to negative emotional states. (black and white thinking, jumping to conclusions, emotional reasoning, overgeneralizing, catastrophizing)

Cognitive techniques

Methods used in cognitive therapy to modify thought patterns and behaviors, including cognitive restructuring, thought record, and mindfulness.(ABC sheet, label, challenge thoughts, alternative thoughts)

socratic dialogue

A form of cooperative argumentative dialogue that stimulates critical thinking and illuminates ideas through questioning, often used in therapy to help clients explore their thoughts.(purpose is to gain insight into logical truth) (series of questions examining evidence) (tone as neutral as possible)

Cognitive: bigger patterns

that influence behavior and emotional responses. These patterns can hinder effective problem-solving and lead to maladaptive outcomes.(core beliefs, schemata, examine evidence around the issue)

guided imagery

A therapeutic technique that uses visualization and mental imagery to promote relaxation, reduce anxiety, and enhance overall well-being.

clinical techniques

working memory focuses on retrieving repressed memories of childhood sexual abuse. (hypnosis, guided imagery, journaling, age regression, and symptom interpretation)

pseudoscience

A belief or practice mistakenly regarded as based on scientific method, often lacking empirical support and validity. (fake science)

why does pseudoscience hurt

wasted time, money, energy. Physical and mental harm. Hurts scientific foundation of clinical practice

For causation need three things

no third variable, with a control group, time crestinen

three things take into account when evaluating treatment

research evidence, clinical expertise, and patient values and circrumstances

why does therapy work

specific treatment factors, common factors, client factors, therapy factors, and extra-therapy factors

common factors

faciliative conditions, alliance, process

imaginable exposure

specifically for PTSF or OCD

Interceptive exposure

for panic disorders

those who go to therapy are better therapist…

know what to expect, know reactions, courage it takes to go, biases, relate to them/bigger connection, self-care, style/delivery