Geopo : Information Sovereignty

According to the memo what significant alteration since the 1990s has impacted the current spatial structure?

Information technology and networks or information frontiers

What major global order defined the Cold War era?

A bipolar world order

What is coercion

The use of force to persuade someone to do something that they are unwilling to do

What role did coercion and the threat of force play during the Cold War?

A pivotal role defined by nuclear deterrence

What is the central research issue identified in the memo?

The urgent need to reassess and synthesize traditional geopolitical theories after 2023

Why are traditional geopolitical theories considered inadequate now?

They are state-centric and cannot explain contemporary dynamics shaped by non-state actors and new factors

What is the traditional starting point for many geopolitical theories?

Sovereign states competing for hegemony or advantage

What has been a key source of political realism in international relations theory?

The study of geopolitics

What key element do traditional geopolitical theories focus on?

Specific territories

What dominant theory in international relations emerged post-WWII in the US ?

Political Realism

What are notions of power mentioned in the memo?

Hard, soft, symbolic structural

What is hard power

Power through force or coercion.

What is soft power

Power through attraction and influence.

What is symbolic power

Power through shaping meanings, perceptions, and norms.

What is structural power

Power embedded in the systems and structures that shape opportunities and constraints.

What is Geoeconomics often viewed as?

An extension of neoliberal principles in international relations

How has competition among countries shifted post-Cold War according to the memo?

From military arenas to economic arenas

What logic has replaced the logic of conflict?

The logic of competition

What perspective must geopolitical thinking change to according to the memo?

From a national perspective to a global perspective

What is the first modern challenge geopolitics must integrate?

Changing power dynamics

What is the second modern challenge geopolitics must integrate?

The increasing importance of non-state actors like multinational corporations and international organizations

What are virtual rights exemplified by carbon emission rights?

Rights included in geopolitical theory that create a paradigm shift

What challenge to sovereignty has become unavoidable in international politics?

The challenge of human rights

What does the expansion of geopolitics beyond "high political" issues encompass?

"Low political" issues like economics

What fields does geopolitics merge with through this expansion?

Geoeconomics and geoculture

What pivotal shifts make traditional frameworks inadequate?

The shifts after 2023

What type of deterrence defined the Cold War?

Nuclear deterrence

What does political realism generally start from?

The interests of the country

What reflects the growing emphasis on economic factors post-Cold War?

Geoeconomics

What are the two types of political issues mentioned?

High political and low political issue