chemical reactions

endergonic reactions

require energy to be added, endothermic

exergonic reactions

release energy, exothermic

coupled reactions

liberation of energy in an exergonic reaction drives an endergonic reaction

oxidation

removing an electron

reduction

gaining an electron

substrates

fuel sources from which we make energy (carbohydrate, fat, protein)

bioenergetics

conversion of substrates into energy

resting substrate use

50% carbohydrate, 50% fat

short term exercise substrate use

more from carbohydrate

long term exercise substrate use

both carbohydrate and fat

carbohydrate

all converted to glucose, primary ATP substrate for muscles and brain

fat

used for prolonged, less intense exercise, high net ATP but slow ATP production, must be broken down into free fatty acids

protein

used during starvation, converted to glucose through gluconeogenesis, converted to FFAs through lipogenesis

mass action effect

substrate availability affects the metabolic rate, more available substrate means higher pathway activity