Speech science exam 3

Resonate

vibratory response to an applied force, naturally enhances/increases intensity

Resonator

container of air. Does not start the sound, but will start to vibrate even if not directly stimulated

Fo

rate of vibration of vocal folds

Pitch

perceptual correlate of Fo

Harmonics

soundwave with a frequency that is a positive integer multiple of the fundamental frequency. Considered the source of the sound & come from the vocal folds.

Formants

a band of frequencies in a sound spectrum that have a greater intensity. They come from and are shaped by the vocal tract

F1

 Influenced by pharyngeal restriction/tongue height

F2

influenced by vowel front vs. back

F3

influenced by lip roundness, tongue tip postion

Formants

Air inside the vocal tract vibrates at different pitches depending on size & shape of opening. The pitches

Harmonic spacing

distance between harmonic spacing in a complex sound

larynx

tube closed on one end and open on the other

Buccal cavity

space between teeth & cheeks

velum

levator palatini muscle, lower velum to make nasal sounds

Extrinsic muscles

Move tongue around the mouth

intrinsic muscles

two attachments inside the mouth that change the SHAPE of the tongue (rolled, flattened, etc.)

Tuba

long/big instrument and low sound

Piccolo

small/short insturment and high sound

incisors

flat-edged biting teeth in the front of the mouth (teeth for speech)

velopharyngeal closure

contraction of the levator palatini muscle causing the soft palate to move up and back until it makes contact with the posterior wall of the pharynx

Traditional vowel quadrilateral

a representation of the portion of the oral cavity within which the high point of the tongue moves while forming constrictions during vowel articulation

3 charctersitc of vowels

soudns that use pulmonnic airstream, vocied, free air passage to th vocal tract

What do air-filled tubes resonating at certain frequencies depend on

open at one or both ends, length lip: lip protrusion, shape : tongue location, size of opening: vocal tract diameter

what is Fo controlled by

Cricothyroid muscle, thyroarytenoid muscle, subglottal pressure, extrinsic muscle activity

What does frequency of vocal folds depend on?

Length, tension, and density

Why do men have lower fundamental frequency?

thicker and longer vocal folds

How does acoustic energy get lost in vocal tract?

Glottal opening; Absorbent walls of pharynx & mouth: lose some intensity because of softness; Friction between air particles

How does space affect volume in formants?

longer vocal tract will produce lower formants; a shorter vocal tract will produce higher formants

What is the source-filter model normally correlated with?

Fourrier analysis: Radiated acoustic pressure wave, radiation from lips, vocal tract resonance, sound from larynx

Which cavities vibrate in response to adding additional frequencies?

Nasal cavity (nasopharynx), oral cavity (oropharynx), pharyngeal cavity (hypopharynx)

What are the containers of the vocal tract?

Container 1: the air behind the tongue. pharynx: nasopharynx,, oropharynx, hypopharynx. Container 2: the air above and in front of the tongue. oral/Resonator cavity: maxilla, mandible, teeth, hard palate, velum, alveolar ridge

Inferior constrictor muscles

level of larynx

Middle constrictor

high in the back & course down to the level of the hyoid bone

superior constrictor

form the back of the pharynx from the palate to the mandible. 

Oral cavity

bounded in front and along the sides by the teeth set into the maxilla & mandible. Most important teeth for speech are incisors. These are used to create consonant sounds. Major point of constriction for many vowels is formed by arching the tongue high in the oral cavity slightly posterior to the alveolar ridge

The tongue, Extrinsic musculature: 

the bulk of the tongue can be moved in three directions; up and back, down and back, and up and forward.

the tongue, intrinsic musculature:

contained entirely within the tongue body; determine the shape of the tongue’s surface

Superior longitudinal muscle:

this muscle curls the superior surface of the tongue to the tip

Inferior longtiudinal

act to depress the tongue tip

Resonance of a tube open at one end:

during vowel production, the vocal tract approximates a tube of uniform diameter open at one end (lips) and closed at the other (glottis) 

Manner

the airflow that allows us to make sounds

Fricative

continous (turbulent) airflow through the vocal tract

Nasal

forcing air through the nasal cavity

Antiresonance

Present with nasals. When air comes up, it tries to go up through the oral cavity, goes back up through the nasal cavity. Sound waves are reduced.

Affricates

begin with a plosive & continue with a fricative

Semi-vowel

mouth open like vowels, but there is constriction

Place

where your articulators are

Acoustic envelope

holds all of the characteristics of the sound (spectrogram)

Rise time

amplitude goes fro mrest to intense

Active articulators

They move (Lower lip, tongue, glottis, uvula)

Passive articulators

they dont move (Palate, nasal cavity, alveolar ridge, upper teeth, lower teeth, pharynx, epiglottis)

Formant transition

Characteristics of glide or liquid. Has a tail because the oral cavity increases. Goes from one sound to a glide.

Coartiuclation

tongue transitioning to the next sound. As the tongue goes from the next sound, there is an overlap. (tidy) tongue is in front, comes to the back, d sound is not as resilient. Formant transition is coarticulation as well.

Vocie onset time

the interval of time between the release of a stop consonant and the onset of voicing.

glides

 recognized by the acoustic changes caused by movements of the articulators; will be influenced by vowels preceding and behind

Nasals

oral vavity and open velopharyngeal port