CH 9: The Cardiovascular System (Cardiology)

Cardiovascular system

The transport system of the body responsible for carrying oxygen and nutrients to the body and carrying away carbon dioxide and other wastes; composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

Four chambers of the heart

right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

-Left side receives blood from the lungs and delivers oxygen-rich blood to body

-Right side receives blood from the body and delivers oxygen-poor blood to the lungs

Valve

Placed between each atrium and ventricle

- right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve)

-left atrioventricular valve (mitral valve)

A valve is placed between each ventricle and large artery

-pulmonary valve

-aortic valve

valvul/o

valve

atri/o

atrium (upper chamber)

sept/o

septum (plural: septa)

cardi/o

heart

coron/o

heart

What are the two circulations of the Heart ?

pulmonary and systemic

Three types of vessels

arteries- take blood away from the heart

veins- take blood back to the heart

capillaries- connect arteries and veins

angi/o, vas/o, vascul/o

vessel

aort/o

aorta; main artery leaving the left ventricle

arteri/o

artery

ather/o

fatty plaque

phleb/o, ven/o

vein

What are most common complaints?

-chest pain

-patients express is the feeling of a jumping sensation and odd rhythm

-pain can be felt in blood vessels

angina pectoris

oppressive pain in the chest caused by irregular blood flow to the heart

arrhythmia (ay-RITH-mee-ah)

irregular heartbeat

dysrhythmia

abnormal rhythm

palpitation (pal-pih-TAY-shun)

rapid or irregular beating of the heart

pectoralgia

(PEK-tor-AL-jah)

chest pain

aortalgia

AY-or-TAL-jah

pain in the aorta

diaphoresis

DAI-ah-for-EE-sis

profuse sweating

hemorrhage (HEM-oh-RIJ)

loss of blood

phlebalgia

fleh-BAL-jah

pain in a vein

indicators of how well the heart is pumping or the vessels are circulating blood

skin color, pulse, blood pressure

Signs of heart function

-Heart sounds

-Electrocardiogram

-Echocardiogram

Visualize the blood vessels with an angiogram to see abnormalities

-deposits of fat

-floating material

-cutoff in flow

-dilation of a vessel

endocardium

EN-doh-KAR-dee-um

tissue lining the inside of the heart

epicardium EH-puh-KAR-dee-um

outer layer of the heart

myocardium

MAI-oh-KAR-dee-um

heart muscle tissue

pericardium (PER-uh-KAR-dee-um)

tissue around the heart

bradycardia (BRAY-dih-KAR-dee-ah)

slow heartbeat

cardiomegaly

(KAR-dee-oh-MEH-gah-lee)

enlargement of the heart

cardiotoxic

(KAR-dee-oh-TOK-sik)

poisonous to the heart

cyanosis (SAI-ah-NOH-sis)

a bluish appearance to the skin; a sign that the tissue isn't receiving enough oxygen

murmur (MIR-mir)

abnormal heart sound

tachycardia (TAK-ih-KAR-dee-ah)

rapid heartbeat

vena cava

large-diameter vein that gathers blood from the body and returns it to the heart; vena hollow

inferior vena cava

portion of the vena cava that gathers blood from the lower portion of the body

superior vena cava

portion of the vena cava that gathers blood from the upper portion of the body (head and arms)

angiogenesis

AN-jee-oh-JIN-eh-sis

development of blood vessels

angiolith

AN-jee-oh-LITH

stone forming in the wall of a blood vessel

angiopoiesis

AN-jee-oh-poh-EE-sis

formation of blood vessels

angiosclerosis

AN-jee-oh-skleh-ROH-sis

hardening of a blood vessel

aortectasia

ay-OR-tek-TAY-zhah

dilation of the aorta

aortic stenosis

narrowing of the aorta

aortolith

ay-OR-toh-LITH

stone deposit in the wall of the aorta

arteriolith

ar-TER-ee-oh-LITH

stone in the artery

arteriorrhexis

ar-TER-ee-oh-REK-sis

rupture of an artery

arteriosclerosis (ar-TER-ee-oh-skleh-ROH-sis)

hardening of an artery

atherogenesis

formation of fatty plaque on the wall of an artery

atherosclerosis

hardening of an artery due to build-up of fatty plaque

embolus

mass of matter present in the blood

embolism

Blockage of a vessel by a clot or foreign material brought to the site by the blood current.

ischemia

blockage of blood flow to an organ

isch/emia=hold back/ blood condition

occlusion

oh-KLOO-zhun

closing or blockage of a passage

phlebosclerosis (FLEB-oh-skleh-ROH-sis)

hardening of a vein

thrombus

blood clot

varicose veins

an enlarged, dilated vein toward the surface of the skin

vasospasm

involuntary contraction of a blood vessel

venosclerosis

VEE-noh-skleh-ROH-sis

hardening of a vein

venospasm

VEE-noh-SPAZ-um

involuntary contraction of a vein

venostasis

VEE-noh-STA-sis

trapping of blood in an extremity due to compression

angiogram

record of a vessel

angiography

procedure to describe the blood vessels

aortogram

record of the aorta

arteriogram

record of an artery

venogram

record of a vein

angioscope

device for looking into a blood vessel

cardiac catherization (CC)

process of inserting a tube (catheter) into the heart

echocardiogram

image of the heart produced using sound waves; the same procedure as an ultrasound performed on pregnant women, but instead it is performed on a heart

echocardiography

use of sound waves to produce an image of the heart

electrocardiogram

record of the electrical currents of the heart

electrocardiography

procedure for recording the electrical currents of the heart

sonography

saw-NAW-grah-fee

use of sound waves to produce diagnostic images; also called ultrasound

stress electrocardiogram

records electrical signals of the heart while the patient experiences increases of exercise stress

transesophageal echocardiogram

record of the heart using sound waves performed by inserting the transducer into the esophagus

vascular endoscopy

procedure to look inside a blood vessel

blood pressure

force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels

diastolic pressure

pressure exerted on blood vessels when heart is relaxed

systolic pressure

Blood pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricles.

cardiologist

heart specialist

cardiology

study of the heart

cardiovascular

pertaining to the heart and blood vessels

circulation

movement of substances in body fluids

coronary circulation

circulation of blood through the coronary blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle tissue

phlebologist

specialist in veins

Phlebotomist

one who draws blood

phlebotomy

incision into a vein

pulmonary circulation

circulation of blood between the heart and the lungs (to oxygenate it)

systemic circulation

circulation that supplies blood to all the body except to the lungs

abnormalities in the heart at birth

structural defect

Abnormalities of the heart

-electrical defect

-disease heart muscle

-infection of the heart

-lack of blood supply to heart muscle

-heart muscle failure

Abnormal conditions of blood vessels

blockages, weakened area that bulges, inflammation

angiocarditis

AN-jee-oh-kar-DAI-tis

inflammation of the heart vessels

atrial fibrillation

quivering or spontaneous contraction of muscle fibers in the heart's atrium

atrial septal defect (ASD)

flaw in the septum that divides the two atria of the heart

cardiac arrest

cessation of functional circulation

cardiomyopathy

disease of the heart muscle