PE Applied Anatomy and Physiology 1

long bones

these bones affect overall height, enable GROSS movement

short bones

these bones are often found with many other and enable finer controlled movement

flat bones

these bones are flat and found forming a protective surface

irregular bones

these bones have a specific functions

long bones examples

clavicle, ulna radius, metacarpals, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, humerus

short bones examples

carpals, phalanges, tarsals

flat bones examples

cranium, sternum, ribcage, scapula, pelvis

irregular bones examples

cranium, vertebrae, patella

6 functions of the skeletal sysem

support, protection, movement, structural shape and points for attachment, mineral storage, blood cell production

support

bones are solid and rigid. they keep us upright and hold the rest of the body (the muscles and organs) in place

protection

certain parts of the skeleton enclose and protect the body’s organs from external forces. this is especially important in activities that involve contact like rugby and boxing

movement

the skeleton helps the body move by providing anchor points for the muscles to pull against. the long bones in the arms and legs work as levers to allow certain movements

structural shape and points for attachment

our skeleton gives us or general shape like our height and build. tall people have long leg ones and a larger bigger pelvis. the skeleton also provides anchoring points for muscles to attach so when they contract, we move

mineral storage

bones store several minerals including calcium and phosphorus, which can be released into the blood when needed

blood cell production

the inner marrow of the long bones and ribs produce red blood cells and white blood cells. red blood cells are important in activities because they carry oxygen to the working muscles. white blood cells are important to fight off infections in order to keep healthy

a joint

where 2 or more bones meet. structured for either strength or mobility. where movement occurs

fixed or immovable joints

fibrous joints. joints between different joints in the skull

slightly movable joints

cartilaginous joints. small account of movement permitted at these joints which are separated by cartilage. joints between the vertebrae

freely movable

synovial joints. contains synovial fluid inside a synovial membrane which surrounds the joint. knee joint

synovial joint

two or more bones meet

cartilage

covers end of bones. prevent friction and bones rubbing together. shock absorbant

synovial fluid

lubricate the joint. prevents friction

synovial membrane

releases synovial fluid

joint capule

tough fibrous tissue. surrounds synovial joints for support

ligament

bone to bone. provides stability to joint during movemnent

bursae

fluid filled bag. helps reduce friction in a joint

tendon

muscle to bone

6 synovial joints movements

ball and socket, pivot, hinge, saddle, gliding, condgyloid

hinge joint

knee, elbow. femur and tibia. humerus, ulna and radius. flexion and extension

ball and socket joint

shoulder and hip. pelvis and femur. humerus and scapular. flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation, circumduction

pivot joint

head and neck. vertebrae and cranium. rotation

voluntary muscle

enables movement under control. attaches to bones. receives signals from conscience brain via nervous system

involuntary muscle

essential in maintaining body systems. helps move substances around body. not under control

cardiac muscle

makes heart pump

isotonic

concentric contraction: muscle shorten as it contracts. ends of muscles move closer together

eccentric contraction: muscle lengthens but is still under tension. ends of muscles move further apart

isometric

muscles remain same length. no movement as a result. helps improve posture and strength