Secondary Survey

Define the term Secondary Survey?

Assessing the injury more closely once athlete is stable

Define the HOPS method for off-field evaluation.

H- History: present, past history

O- Observation: deformities

P-Palpation: feel, depressions, winces

S- Special Tests: ex. ACL, MCL tests

Identify the goal of gathering a patient's History during the HOPS method?

To learn specific current and past info on injury (mechanism of injury) from pt

Identify the goal of the Observation during the HOPS method?

To visually bilaterally observe the injured area for obvious deformity, swelling, and skin discolorization

Identify the goal of the Palpation during the HOPS method?

To evaluate by touch. Starting away from the injured area, looking for point tenderness, irritation, deformity, crepitus,

Identify the goal of the Palpation during the HOPS method?

To further assess the specific injury or condition by performing targeted tests that challenge the affected area with specific movements, allowing the healthcare provider to pinpoint the exact source of pain and dysfunction

List what vitals are of major concern during secondary survey?

Level of consciousness (LOC), Pulse, Respiration, BP, Temperature, Skin color, Pupils, Movement and Abnormal Nerve Response

Define level of consciousness?

Normally the individual is alert, aware of environment and responds to voice stimulation

Identify 3 common stimulus which can alter a patient's level of conscious awareness?

Head injury

Heatstroke

Diabetic Coma

What does the AVPU scale assess?

Assess neurological status of trauma patients

What does the "A" of AVPU refer to?

Alert- and responds to voice and pain, is oriented

What does the "V" of AVPU refer to?

Voice- Not fully alert and responds to voice and pain, but not fully oriented

What does the "P" of AVPU refer to?

Pain- Responds to pain stimulus but not voice, not fully oriented

What does the "U" of AVPU refer to?

Unresponsive- Doesn't respond to voice or pain stimulus

In term of circulation, what is a person's pulse considered?

Direct extension of the functioning heart

Identify the normal adult resting HR zone?

60-100bpm

Identify the normal child resting HR zone?

80-100bpm

Identify 2 conditions a rapid and strong pulse could indicative of?

Heatstroke

Fright

Identify 4 conditions a rapid and weak pulse could indicative of?

Shock

Bleeding,

Diabetic coma

Heat exhaustion

Identify 2 conditions a slow and strong pulse could indicative of?

Skull fracture,

Stroke

Identify the average breathing rate for an child?

15-30 breaths per minute or 1 breath every 3 seconds

Identify the average breathing rate for an adult?

12-20 breaths per minute or 1 breath every 5 seconds

Define BP?

Amount of pressure exerted on the arterial walls

Define Systolic BP?

left ventrical contracts

Define Diastolic BP?

Residual pressure in arteries in-between heart beats

Define the average BP of male age 15-20?

120/80 mm HG

Define average BP of female age 15-20?

112/72 mm HG

mm HG

Millimeters of Mercury

Define Korotkoff sounds?

Sounds heard through Stethoscope while taking BP

Identify how body temperature is maintained?

h2o evaporation and heat radiation

Identify the average human body temperature?

98.2 - 98.6 degrees F

List the 5 common sites to measure temperature?

Under tongue

Armpit

Ear

Rectal

Forehead

Define cyanotic?

Blue skin

Define jaundice?

Yellow skin

Red skin during a secondary assessment could possibly indicate what problems?

Heat stroke, sunburn, allergic reaction, high BP or temp

White skin during a secondary assessment could possibly indicate what problems?

Poor circulation, shock, fright, bleeding, heat exhaustion or insulin shock

Blue skin during a secondary assessment could possibly indicate what problems?

Airway obstruction

Respiratory insufficiency

Identify what the acronym PERRLA stands for?

Pupils are Equal in Size, Round, Reactive to light, and Accommodating

Constricted pupils during a secondary assessment could indicate?

Patient is using a CNS depressant drug

Identify 5 conditions which could cause one or both pupils to be dilated?

Head injury

Bleeding

Shock

Heat stroke

Stimulant use

No light accommodation in the pupils during a secondary assessment may indicate?

Brain injury

Alcohol or drug poisoning

Define Hemiplegia?

Can't move one side of body

Identify 2 suspected cause for hemiplegia?

Head injury

Stroke

Identify which condition could be present if the patient has bilateral tingling and numbness and sensory or motor deficits in the upper extremity?

Cervical Spine injury

Identify which condition could be present if the patient has weakness or inability to move the lower extremity?

Injury to the spinal cord below the neck or

Pressure on the spinal cord