early europe exam 2

Manorialism

In the 11th century, Most common in Northern France and england. Manors were owned by nobles, from kings and queens to Knights and Ladys. Occupied by serfs and free peasants. Charged rents and fees for using mills, pastures, and winestones, and had courts where disputes were settled and misdeeds were punished.

Freemen

Lived on a manor and paid rent in cash or goods. Unlike serfs, their rents could be raised at lord’s discretion.

Serfs

Bound to land and could not leave. Paid rent but also worked typically three days a week on the manor. Free peasants often accepted serfdom in exchange for protection

Alfred the Great

Late 800s; king of Wessex then of the Angelo Saxons. At one point last Angelo-Saxon king left standing against the vikings. Wins a decisive battle at Edington in 878 and converts the Viking leader to Christianity. Worked very hard to increase literacy both in Latin and english.

Capetian Dynasty

Founded by Hugh Capet after the Carolingian collapse in 987. Began with control of only a tiny area around Paris, but had smooth sucessions, long reigns and family solidarity.

987

What year did the French crown pass to the capetians?

Ottonian Dynasty

Henry Fowler, duke of Saxony became German king in 919(-936). Otto the great succeeded him. Defended Germany from Magar attacks, recovered royal lands and power. Defeated the Lombards threatening the pope in 962 and was crowned Roman emperor. Very powerful especially compared to France. Constantly trying to control italy and get upper hand against the pope.

Gregorian Reform

Around year 1000. Aims to end simony and enforce clerical celibacy and papal investiture of bishops.

Investiture Conflict

Emperor Henry VI vs Pope Gregory VI. Declares kings cannot appoint bishops, which German emperors rely on to hold their power. Gregory excommunicates Henry, who comes to him as a penant in 1077 then immediately attacks and forces Gregory into exile. Appoints his own pope and his re-excommunicated.

Concordant of Worms

1122, allows german emperors to have input on bishops, but they will ultimately be chosen by the pope and have secular authorities. Ideological victory for the papacy.

1122

Concordant of Worms happens

Gregory VII

(r.1073-1085) Cluniac monk, extremely zealous about church power. Violent and controversial papacy. Enforced gregorian reforms. Died in exile, but set his vision of the papacy in stone.

Henry IV

(r. 1056-1105) German emperor, initially weak but gains power and he grows up. Almost lost his throne when he was excommunicated as his nobles used it as reason to disregard his authority. In 1077 humbled himself and had it lifted.

Emperor Fredrick I “barbarossa”

(r. 1152-1190) Becomes emperor of a weakened Germany. starts to use title of ‘Holy Roman Emperor and engineers canonization of Charlemagne in 1165. Battles with pope and elects his own anti-popes, while pope Alexander III encourages Lombards to join together and defeat Fredrick in Italy. Eventually reconcile and Fredrick dies on crusade 1190

“La Reconquista”

(711-1492) Attempt to reconquer the Iberian peninsula into christendom from Islamic states. Al-Andalus was crumbleing internally and Christian kingdoms in the north began pushing down. Conquer Toledo, then Las Navas de Tolosa after Innocent III calls a crusade, leaving just Granada. Results in Christians ruling over Muslim subjects for the first time.

Robert Guiscard

(c. 1015-1085) Became leader of Normans in Italy, takes control of part of the area. Married Lombard princess Sichelgaita. Popes are not thrilled, but their armies are defeated and they are forced to acknowledge him. Invaded Sicily with papal approval and also invaded the Byzantine empire.

Pope Urban II

(r. 1083-1099) Preaches the first crusade after Byzantine emperor asks for help taking back the holy land and Turkiye to the Seljuk turks

Treaty of Melfi

1059, legitimizes Norman rule over southern Italy

First Crusade (1095-99)

Primarily composed of knights france, normandy, and sicily. Show up in Constantinople but not really there to fight for the byzantines. Sucessfully fought muslim forces, capturing Antioch and then Jerusalem in 1099. Slaughtered everyone.

Fourth Crusade (1201-1204)

Called by Innocent III, to be lead by church not emperors. Conquer christian city of Zara for Venetians in exchange for boat fare and all get excommunicated. Get to Constantinople and are pulled into a dispute over rule, decide to just sack it. Asserted western christian dominance over eastern. Showed what could be done with the resources of a crusade.

William the Conqueror

Norman duke who defeats Harold Godwinson at Hastings, getting control of England. Maintains angelo-saxon institutions but kicks out the old aristocracy, bringing in a new french-speaking ruling class

Louis IV the fat

(r. 1108-1137) Took control of the Ile-de-France castle by castle, estcabilished royal officials, allied with the papacy and local bishops like abbot suger of saint-dennis (the patron saint of the french monarchy), who wrote his biography. Supported heavily by his wife, Adelaide de Murienne.

Louis VII

(r. 1137-1180) Married Eleanor of Aquitaine, gaining control of Aquitaine. First king to step up and lead a crusade, comes back wanting a divorce. Loses aquitaine. Aided by Abbot Suger. Barons began to submit to him out of fear of the growing Angevin empire. During this time Ile-de-France becomes the true center of France.

Henry II

(r. 1154-1189) Marries Eleanor of Aquitaine, giving him control of aquitaine in 1152. Gets control after anarchy period. Develops the head of treasury, imposed traveling royal judges, local juries, and an effective justice system. Develops common law. Invades ireland in 1171, becket affair. Rebelling sons.

Peter Abelard

(1079-1142) Charismatic student in Aristotelian logic, so good at it he was able to beat his own professors in debates and started teaching himself. Students flocked to him but he was opposed by conservative churchmen. Taught Heloise. who was excluded from cathedral school as a woman, got her pregnant. Gets castrated, becomes depressed monk

Heloise of the Paraclet

d.1162 Gotten pregnant by Peter Abelard and married him, but after it fell apart, she entered a convent. When it dispersed, Abelard gave her the community of Paraclet, which he founded, where she became abbess. Prominent female scholar, wrote about marriage and motherhood

Bernard of Clairvoux

(1090-1153) key figure in the Cistercian movement, founded Clairvoux. firmly opposed the logician movement and traveled to debate Peter Abelard. Advocated pure and simple faith. treated as a saint during his own lifetime, and became caught up in secular affairs despite being a Cistercian monk. Main preacher of 2nd crusade, huge supporter of templars

Cistercian Order

Come out of the clunic order, don’t want their monastaries to be at all tied to society of nobles, don’t want kids being put there for political reasons, only young men who actually want to be monks.

Francis of Assisi

(1181-1226) Son of a wealthy merchant. Goes off to become a knight and comes back traumatized, wandering around and giving away all his money till he is disinherited. Quickly attracts followers as a wandering preacher. Canonized almost immediately after his death.

Dominic

(1170-1221) Preist and canon from Castile who decides it’s him mission to preach against heretics in the south of France. To do so, humbles himself and takes on a holy persona.

Pope Innocent III

(1196-1216) Comes in young and well educated at the height of papal monarchy. Calls crusade against the Iberian Muslims, and the fourth crusadedecides to approve franciscan and dominican orders and walks back rejection of the waldensians.

Clare of Assisi

(d. 1253) Inspired by and inspires francis, who helps her run away from home. Comes from nobility, a rung above him. Accepts enclosure at san Damiano, but insists on poverty and fights the church until she wins on her death bed. Immediately, church walks everything back and manipulates her image as st. clare to create the order of st. clare.

King John

(r. 1199-1216) Officially took the throne after Richard’s death, continued the brutal overtaxation of the vassels. Many opposed him. Lost almost all his territory in france, and was forced to accept acknowledge papal authority over england and pay tribute. Barons rose up against him and made him sign the magna carta, laying the foundation for the parlimentary system. Was killed in a revolt after breaking the magna carta.

Henry III

(r. 1216-1272) Surrounded himself with foreigners, undertook expensive and unwise projects, and did not consult english nobles. They stopped giving him money and made him concede far more of his royal power. Created parliament, parliament failed, henry went back to his own ways and barons rebelled led by Simon de Montfort, who briefly ruled before being overthrown by Edward

King Edward I

(1272-1307) Defeated Simon de Montfort, but continued to call parliament in various forms, using them to strengthen the monarchy. Marked by explicit lawmaking. Harsh taxation of Jews before expulsion. Conquered wales and attempted to conquer Scotland and Gascony, which exhausted the treasury.

Phillip II Augustus

(r. 1180-1223) Responsible for the destruction of the Angevin empire against the unpopular and lethargic King John, becoming one the greatest power in Europe with the addition of Normandy and Anjou. Used appointed bailiffs to rule France. Strengthened Paris into a real capital. Sent his son Louis VIII on the Albigensian crusade, and took over the south of France

Battle of Bouvins

1214

Louis IX

(r.1226-270) Very prosperous time for France, saw trade and building of gothic architecture. Failed at crusading and tried to compensate by being a good christian monarch. Oversaw fair legal justice, massive scale charity, new coinage, and settling of foreign disputes within christendom. Intolerant towards jews, tried to convert their children. Canonized as a saint. Died on crusade in Tunisia, maybe from scurvy.

Blanche of Castille

(1188-1252) Acted as regent for her son Louis IX, squashed several rebellions, and continued to help govern once he reached adulthood.

Equeteurs

Royal inquisitors who heard complaints from the people and ensured royal agents were acting justly.

Chretien de Troyes

(c. 1135-1185) Wrote epic romances about Camelot, developed much of the Arthurian legend. Wrote many tragic love stories about the knights of camelot and the courtly ladies. Knights portrayed christian virtue. Wrote lancelot and the cart

Marie de France

Died (c. 1215) wrote love stories for the court of Henry II, claimed them to be from the distant breton past.

Thomas Aquinas

(1224-1275) Italian dominican friar, foremost medieval theologian and scholastic. Famous works, summa theologicae and summa contra gentiles, are attempts to create one comprehensive picture of the universe using Aristotle and the Bible. Had access to new works of Aristotle translated from arabic, not just Boetheius’s translations

Dante Aleghieri

(1265-1321) Widely the greatest medieval poet, most famous for his divine comedy, but also wrote several love poems. Wrote in latin, but also extensively in his Tuscan vernacular.