exam 3 horticulture

Abamectin

In tests, _______ was 100 % effective against fruit flies.

Neem seed oil

____ protects against rust and powdery mildew and can kill pests such as whiteflies, aphids, mealybugs and lace bugs.

Muscador albus

____ lives naturally within a plant and secretes a gas that stops the growth of plant pests, and maybe the first biological fumigant.

Non-Chemical

Always start with a _____ as the first step in pest control.

Corn

__ is a mostly GMO crop created using endophyte fungus or bacteria that lives between cells or a Bt gene inserted into the genes of plants to protect plants against chewing insects.

Bacillus thuringensis

___ kills by bacteria (Bt) proteins forming holes in the gut and digestive tract and causing fatal starvation to worms and caterpillars.

Eat

One of the ways biological control agents work is to ____ the pest or suck out its body fluids.

Mulch

____ , rather than herbicides, may be used for weed control to minimize the use of harsh chemicals.

Bodies of animals and humans

Chronic toxicity is a danger caused by chemicals that accumulate in ____.

Remove contaminated clothing

In cases of spillage or other types of exposure to a toxic chemical, the most important consideration is to quickly __________.

Dilute the poison

The most important first aid practice is to _________

Organophosphates

Chemicals such as _______ are absorbed rapidly through the skin.

LC50

Inhalation toxicity is measured in ___

Pest organism

The first step in selecting a pesticide is to identify the ___

Nervous system

Some progress has been made in the development and use of pesticides that affect only insects. Chemicals that affect the insect’s ______ are good examples.

Nemagon and Dasanit

______ are chemicals that kill tiny, hairlike worms) that feed on the roots of plants.

Hormones

Attractant lure for attracting and sometimes trapping adult insects, is made from naturally or synthetically produced ___

Warfarin

A common chemical used to control rats and mice is ___

Aldrin, carbofuran, chloropyrifos, DDT

Many insecticides that could be found on the market just a few years ago are no longer approved for use.Examples include_____

Orthene (acephate)

An example of a systemic poison is __

Pyrethrins, Zeta-cypermethrin

An example of a contact poison is ___

Methyl bromide

An example of a chemical fumigant that used to be injected about 2 feet deep into the ground as a pesticide, but has been banned in the US, is ___

Sulfur and copper

__ is a type of an inorganic (mineral) insecticide that is also used as a fungicide.

Escar-GO!

___ is a new slug control that is not toxic to other organisms.

Captan

Dusting or drenching the soil mix with _________ often gives excellent control of seedling root and stem rot.

Timing

The difference between the application of fungicides and insecticides is the __

Stomach

Rodenticides most commonly kill as _______ poisons.

Anthracnose

____ is a disease that attacks the stems and leaves of plants.

Chlorophyll

Fungi are tiny non-green plants that lack ________ and live as parasites and decomposers.

Actinovate

Adding soil bacteria and compost helps control root rot, plus adding _______ in the soil protects the root system from several soil-borne diseases.

7-10 days

Some chemicals must be washed into the germination zone by rainfall or irrigation within ________after application.

Photosynthesis

Dimension kills the plants by preventing ______ from occurring.

Young and in active growth

Most weeds are killed more easily when they are _____

Selective

Broadleaf weeds (dicots) in a cornfield can be killed with _______ herbicide without damaging the corn plants.

2, 4 D

__ is an herbicide that moves through the plant phloem to the meristem tissues, causing uncontrolled and unsustainable growth. It is a synthetic auxin, commonly used on lawns, because it is more effective on dicots.

7 spot ladybug, green lacewing, praying mantis, spined soldier bug

Beneficial:

Aphids, scale insects, 2-spot mite, Mexican bean beetle, Caterpillars, boll worms

Pest:

Butterflies, moths

Both:

Aphthona flava

a flea beetle, released in the USA as a biocontrol agent for leafy spurge (a serious grassland weed)

Bacillus thuringensis (BT)

a soil-dwelling bacterium that is the most commonly used biological pesticide in the world. Bt is in 130 registered products. When ingested, the toxin breaks down the gut lining of insects, leading to infection and starvation within 1-5 days.

Braconoid wasp

a family if parasitoid wasps that provide caterpillar, beetle, fly and aphid control. Also important as pollinators.

Digger wasp

predator of larva, crickets and small bugs. Adults feed on flower nectar and pollen.

Diorhabda

a small leaf beetle released in the USA to control saltcedar, (Tamarix) an invasive, persistent weedthat has a high evapo-transpiration rate, reduces water resources and increases surface soil salinity

Neem tree seed

Azadirachta indica, produces seeds that contain a natural pesticide,insect repellent and anti-fugal agent. It is used for control of aphids, spider mites, caterpillars and fungal plant diseases such as powdery mildew, rust, scab and black spot.

Pyrethrum

organic compounds derived from Chrysanthemumthat have potent insecticidal effects, targeting the nervous systems of insect that touch or eat it.

Seven-spotted ladybug

important natural enemy of aphids, scale insects, whitefly and caterpillars

Streptomyces avermitilis

a soil bacteria that produces avermectins , used as pesticides, nerve poisons, and anti-parasitic drug.

Talaromyces flavus

soil fungus used to control some soil-borne diseases such as Verticillium

Trichoderma

a soil fungus that can control soil pathogens and nematodes.

Anthracnose

fungal disease that causes dark, sunken lesions on leaves, stems, flowers and fruits. Affects some crops, evergreens and several trees, maple, white oak, elm and dogwood,

Bean mosaic virus

causes irregular leaf mottling (yellow, light green or dark green patches or streaks), leaf stunting and curling, stunted growth, reduced yield.

Fusarium wilt

reddish-brown discoloration of the water-conducting tissue of the stem and roots, stunting, pale green and yellow leaves, leaves wilt (shrivel) and drop off

Powdery mildew

white patches of fungal growth on lower surface and upper surface of leafand on stem, leaf edges curl upwards, purple to reddish blotches on leaves, leaves may shrivel, brown and drop off.

Rust

a fungal disease that causes global losses of 1 Billion $ in wheat and 3 Billion in coffee crops. Oval or ring-shaped orange or yellow reddish, rust-colored pustules form on the leaves, reduced photosynthesis, weakens plant and causes yield loss.

Tobacco mosaic virus

causes yellow patches (mottling), necrosis, stunting, leaf curling and yellowing of plant tissues.

Verticillium wilt

Lower leaves yellow and shrivel, plant wilts suddenly, brown or black streaks form in tissue under the bark and branch dieback I trees and shrubs 

Bull thistle

Field bindweed

Johnsongrass

Mesquite

Saltcedar

Silverleaf nightshade

Caterpillar

Chewing mouth parts and eats the whole tissue; leaves droppings

Aphids

Ants may farm these for food

Weevil

Feeds mainly on stored grains

Scale

Sucking mouth parts; covered by a hard shell

Snail

Has a shell; and leaves a slime trail

Grub

Feeds on roots of plants

Spider mites

Causes yellow speckling on leaves where they feed

Mealy bug

Sucking mouth parts: soft bodies covered with cottony wax filaments

Fungus

Long multicellular, filamentous micro-organism containing cell walls.

Virus

Rod-shaped micro-organism composed of strands of nucleic acids surrounded by a protein coat (Note- some are helical [rod-like] and others are polyhedral [spherical)] with 20 triangular faces)

Bacteria

Single-celled micro-organism that comes in many shapes: composed of a membrane-bound cell.