PSY 101 final exam

What are some criticisms of the medical model of psych DOs as a disease?

What are some criticisms of the medical model of psych DOs as a disease?

1. labeling issues can have negative affects on the patient (being told you have a disorder can make it worse)

   1. IQ Tests (idiot, imbecile, and moron were official terms)

2. Pseudoexplaination

   1. using name of diagnosis to label and explain what’s wrong with patient

3. Passive Patient role

   1. gives pills to patient without active approach

What does diagnosis mean?

which disorders you have

What does ethiology mean?

what is the cause of disease/disorder

What does prognosis mean?

prediction of what is next in terms of recovery or degree

What does prevalence mean?

how frequent is the disorder in a population

What does onset mean?

when the symptoms first appear

What is the criteria for abnormal behavior?

• Statistical deviance (least important)

• Maladaptive behavior

• Personal distress

• Continuum

What does maladaptive behavior mean?

hindering your ability to function in daily life

What does statistical deviance mean?

is this behavior something a lot of people experience or is it just you

What does personal distress mean?

a reaction that leads to anxiety and worry

What are some stereotypes of pysch DOs?

1. personal weakness

2. incurability

3. violent and dangerous

4. produce strange and bizarre behaviors

3 and 4 are availability heuristic because we see those see those stand out the most

What does neurosis mean?

anxiety

What does psychosis mean?

break of reality

What is the DSM-V?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association, Fifth edition

What is the percentage of people that experience anxiety DOs?

17%

Generalized Anxiety DO

• no specific threat

• “free floating anxiety”

• high automimic arousal

Phobic DO

• irrational fear of object or thing; specific threat

• Can be mild or a DO

  • in order to be a DO the patient must experience malaptiveness and personal distress

Panic DO and Agoraphobia

• symptoms: panic attacks

• agoraphobia

  • patient is housebound

  • mainly in women

What is agoraphobia?

fear of crowds and wide open spaces

When do panic attacks usually occur?

after stressful periods

What is the treatment for agoraphobia?

no treatment; public = home

What is the onset for agoraphobia?

appears during late adolescence to early adulthood

What is the percentage of people that experience OCD?

2-4%

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

• obsessions

  • recurring, intrusive thoughts

• compulsions

  • repetitive ritualistic behavior that serve no useful function

• obsession → anxiety; compulsions reduces it

Anxiety DO Etiology:

• weak genetic predisposition

• other biology

  • heart palutations, arousal, etc.

• low GABA

• Classical Conditioning

  • Observational Learning/Modeling

  • Stress

Low GABA yeilds

more anixety

What is a psychosomatic DO?

an actual physical problem with psychological problems

• examples: ulcers, migraines, etc

What is a somatoform DO?

apparent physical problem with psychological problems

Somatization DO

• diversity of physical problems with no physical problems

• not hypochondriasis

• more common in women

What is hypochondriasis?

the worry about ones health in the absence of genuine cause for concern; misinterpret physical occurrences

Conversion DO

• apparent loss of physical function

What does “glove anesthesia” mean?

patient doesn’t have feeling from wrist to fingertips (not biologically possible)

Etiology of somatoform DO:

• hysteric personality

  • overly dramatic

• sick role

Dissociative DO

loss of contact with part of consciousness or disruption of ones sense of identity

Dissociative amnesia

• psychological cause

• varied time range

• varied domains affected (specific event vs entire identity)

• procedural memory usually intact (english, driving, math, etc)

Dissociative Fugue

• forgetting and leaving old life history to start a new one

• stress and emotional trauma can trigger this

Dissociative Identity DO

• “multiple personality disorder”

• multiple distinct personality in one person

• personalities can vary in age or gender

• not schizophrenia

• rare

• more common in women

Etiology for Dissociative Identity DO:

• severe childhood emotional trauma

  • sexual and physical abuse

Treatment for Dissociative Identity DO:

• integration

  • merging personalities in one

What is the percentage of people that experience clinical depression?

7%

Depressive DOs (clinical depression)

• symptoms: dysphoria (emotional sadness), anxiety, irritability, lowself esteem, lack of energy

• anhedonia

  • difficulty experiencing pleasure

• disruption of eating or sleeping habits

• no age difference

• women experience more than men

Bipolar DO (manic depression)

• low need for sleep, increased energy, optimism, euphoria, mind racing

  • not mild, leads to crash

• Onset usually 24-31, men and women equally reported this

• has psychotic and nonpsychotic form

What does psychotic schizo mean?

mania phase

Etiology for mood DOs:

• genetic predisposition

• Neurotransmitter imbalances

  • low norphrine, serotonin, and dopamine

    • trt: drugs raise these

• stress

  • can trigger predisposition

  • can cause a DO w/o predisposition or neurotransmitter imbalances

What does genetic predisposition mean?

more likely to experience a DO if family member has a disorder

Schizophrenia DO

• symptoms: irrational thoughts, delusions

• deteriation of adaptive behavior

  • ex: don’t shower, brush teeth, etc.

• distorted perceptions

• disturbed emotion (flat or inappropriate effect)

Paranoid Schizophrenia

• delusion of persecution; grandeur

  • think people are watching

Catatonic Schizophrenia

• muscular rigidity; random movement

Disorganized Schizophrenia

• reduction of adaptive behavior

• social isolation

• emotional indifference

• incoherence

• babbling

• giggling

Undifferentiated Schizophrenia

• blend of the subtypes

What is the onset for schizo DOs?

late adolescence to early adulthood

Mild schizo leads to

one-time trt and full recovery

Moderate schizo leads to

partial recovery, functional life, relapses may happen

Severe schizo leads to

chronic episodes and hospitalization

The outcome for schizo is favorable if

• sudden onset

• later onset

• social support

Etiology for Schizophrenia DOs?

Strong genetic disposition, excess of dopamine, large ventricles (brain structure), stress

What is the genetic probability of schizophrenia in identical twins?

48%

What is the genetic probability of schizophrenia in fraternal twins?

17%

What is the genetic probability of schizophrenia in no relation?

1 to 1.5%

What is the genetic probability of schizophrenia in offspring of 2 schizo parents?

46%

Antisocial Personality DOs

• reject widely accepted social norms

• charismatic but rarely experience true affection

• low tolerance for frustration

• no remorse

• more common in men than women

• 40% of convicted felons

Etiology of Antisocial Personality DOs

weak genetic predisposition, inadequate socialization

What percent of people have Antisocial personality DO?

2-4%

What do clinical psychologists provide?

theory based treatment; doesnt prescribe meds, verbal

What do counseling psychologists provide?

does not deals with disorders discussed

What do psychiatrist provide?

medical trt

Systematic desensitization can cure

some phobic disorders

Insight Therapies

• extensive verbal interactions with therapist

• goal is to increase self knowledge

• psychoanalysis (Freudian)

  • make unconscious concoious

  • free association

Behavioral therapies

• systematic desensitization

• Flooding (exposure therapy)

  • being exposed to phobic object or situation

• Aversion Therapy

  • classical conditioning

• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

  • change in maladaptive thinking; teach coping strategies

  • overgeneralization, dwell on the negative

What is exposure therapy?

being exposed to phobic object or situation

What is cognitive behavioral therapy?

• change in maladaptive thinking; teach coping strategies

• overgeneralization, dwell on the negative

What drugs are use for Anxiety DOs?

tranquilizers; valium, xanax

What drugs are use for psychotic DOs (schizo and bipolar w/psychotic factors)?

thorazine and haldol; paitent can relapse if off meds

What drugs are use for depressive DOs?

antidepressants; prozec, elavil, zoloft

What drugs are use for Bipolar DOs?

lithium

What is electroconvulsive therapy?

• sending electric current through persons brain which causes seizure

  • severe depression

  • effective in uplifting a person depression

Biomedical therapies

• Drug therapy

  • tranquilizers (anxiety dos)

    • valium, xanax

  • antipsychotic (schizo, bipolar w/ psychotic factors)

    • thorazine, haldol

    • can relapse if off meds

  • Antidepressant (Depressive DOs)

    • prozec, elavil, zoloft

  • Bipolar DO

    • lithium