PSY 120 Purdue 낱말 카드 | Quizlet

Mind vs Behavior

Mind : thoughts, feelings, motivations

Behavior : directly observable actions

Psychology's Goals

To describe, predict, explain, and control behavior using the scientific method

Empirical Method

acquiring knowledge based on observation including experimentation

Wilhelm Wundt

introspection, structuralism, Edward Titchener 3 Elementary States of Consciousness

William James

Functionalism

Functionalism

how mental activities help an organism fit into its environment

What is Introspection

"internal perception" someone examines their own conscious experience as objectively as possible

What is structuralism

focuses on the contents of mental processes rather than their functions

What are the 3 Elementary States of Consciousness

Sensations, Images, and Affections

Sigmund Freud

Psychoanalytic Theory

Psychoanalytic theory

the role of a person's unconscious as well as early childhood experiences in shaping personality and behavior

Behaviorist names

Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, B.F. Skinner

Ivan Pavlov

Classical Conditioning

Classical Conditioning

a form of learning behavior called a conditioned reflex in which a subject was conditioned to produce a response to a stimulus

John Watson

classical conditioning

Little Albert Experiment

John Watson experiment, classical conditioning for emotional responses to stimuli

B.F. Skinner

Operant Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

rewards and punishments conditioning

Abraham Maslow

Humanism

Humanism

a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans

The order from bottom to top of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Physiological, Security, Social, Esteem, Self-actualization

3 qualities needed for Client-Centered Therapy

1. Unconditional positive regard

2. Genuineness

3. Empathy

Multicultural Psychologists

conduct research on diverse populations within the same country

Cross-Cultural Psychologists

compare populations across countries

Biopsychology

explores how biology influences out behavior (Genetics, Hormones, Neuroscience, Instincts, etc.)

Evolutionary Psychology

the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection

Cognitive Psychology

studying cognitions or thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions

Developmental Psychology

the study of development across the lifespan

Personality Psychology

focuses on patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make people unique

Social Psychology

focuses on how we interact with and relate to others

What is psychology?

The scientific study of mind and behavior.

Industrial-Organizational Psychology

applies psychological theories, principles, and research findings in industrial and organizational settings

Clinical Psychology

focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior

Counseling Psychology

similar discipline that focuses on emotional, social, vocational, and health-related outcomes in individuals who are considered psychologically healthy

Dissertation

long research paper based on research conducted during the person's doctoral training

Psy.D. versus Ph.D.

Ph.D. : doctor of philosophy

Psy.D. : doctor of psychology

Careers in Psych

University, Hospital, Government, Business, etc.

Psychologists versus psychiatrists

only psychiatrists can prescribe meds

Deductive reasoning

starts with a generalization that is used to reach logical conclusions about the world

Inductive Reasoning

use empirical observations to construct broad generalizations

What is the definition of a theory?

a well developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena

what is the definition of a hypothesis?

a testable prediction about how the world will behave if our idea is correct; if,then statement

Hypothesis must be Falsifiable; what does falsifiable mean?

They must be capable of being incorrect

Case Studies Definition :

research in which an individual or group of individuals is studied in-depth for long period of time

Case Studies Strengths :

High quality and detailed info, provides info on lesser known phenomenon

Case Studies Weaknesses :

Low generalizability

Naturalistic Observations Definition :

observing behaviors of individuals in a natural context rather than in an experimental setting with the goal that participants are unaware that they are being observed

Naturalistic Observations Strengths :

observe natural behavior and increases generalizability of research to real world situations

Naturalistic Observations Weaknesses :

hard to set up and conduct, lack of control, observer bias, etc.

Survey Definition :

lists of questions that are answered by research participants

Survey Strengths :

Easy to collect, convenient, diverse sample, etc.

Survey Weaknesses :

Data is not super in-depth, people may lie

Archival Research

Using past records and data sets to answer research questions or search for interesting patterns of relationships

Cross Sectional Research : Definition

compares multiple segments of a population at a single time

Cross Sectional Research : Strengths

able to collect a lot of data at once, allows comparisons between age groups

Cross Sectional Research : Weaknesses

Measures just one point in time, can not establish cause and effect relationship

Longitudinal Research : Definitions

Studies in which the same group pf individuals is measured repeatedly over an extended period of time.

Longitudinal Research Strengths :

able to see changes in participants over time

Longitudinal Research Weaknesses :

Requires a lot of resources and attrition, still can not establish cause and effect relationships

Correlation

relationship between two or more variables, one changes as the other does

Correlation Coefficient

number from 1 to -1, usually represented by r

Positive correlation

Two variables change in the same direction

Negative correlation

two variables change in different directions

Cause and Effect Relationship

changes in one variable cause the changes in the other variable

Confounding variable

unanticipated outside factor that affects both variables of interest

Illusory Correlations

seeing relationships between two things when in reality no such relationship exists

Confirmation bias

Tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs

Experimental group

the participants that experience the manipulated variable

control group

participants that do no experience the manipulated variable

operational definition

description of what actions and operations will be used to measure the dependent variables and manipulate the independent variables

Experimenter bias

researcher expectations skew the results of the study

Participant bias

participant expectations skew the results of the study

Single-blind study

participants do not know how is in the control group, researchers do

double-blind study

neither researchers nor participants know who is in the control group

placebo effect

people's expectations or beliefs influencing or determining their experience

Independent variable

manipulated variable

Dependent variable

outcome variable

Random sample

subset of larger population in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

Convenience sample

anyone who is available can be chosen

Random Assignment

method of experimental group assignment in which all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either group

Statistical Analysis

determines how likely any difference between experimental groups is due to chance

Replication

Determines reliability of original research design, can further support findings

Reliability versus validity

Reliability : consistency and reproducibility of a given result

Validity : accuracy of a given result in measuring what it is designed to measure

4 necessities of Informed Consent

1. potential risks involved

2. implications of the research

3. notification that participation is voluntary

4. notification that any data collected will be kept confidential

Biopsychology

explores the biological mechanisms that underlie behavior

Genetics

focusing on how inherited genes can affect not just the physiological, but the psychological traits of a person

Theory of Evolution

The organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suits for their environment will die off

DNA

helix-shaped molecule made of nucleotide base pairs

Genes

functional units of DNA sequences that provide instructions for the production of different proteins

Humans have ____ paired chromosomes and _________ genes

23, 25000

In each ________ sequences of DNA make up genes

chromosomes

Genotype

an individual's genetic makeup

Phenotype

the expression of an individual's genetic makeup

Dominant Alleles

An allele whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present.

Recessive Alleles

An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present

Heterozygous

consisting of two different alleles

Homozygous

consisting of two identical alleles

Range of reaction

asserts our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with the genes to determine where in that range we will fall

Genetic environment correlation

view of gene-environment interaction that asserts our genes affect our environment, and our environment influences the expression of our genes

Epigenetics

study of gene-environment interactions, such as how the same genotype leads to different phenotypes