Cytology I: Cell Differentiation, Nucleus, and Cell Division

This set of flashcards covers key terms and definitions related to cytology, including concepts of cell structure, function, differentiation, and the processes of mitosis and meiosis.

Cell Theory

A scientific theory that states all living things are composed of cells, all cells arise from pre-existing cells, and cells are the basic unit of life.

Prokaryotic Cells

Unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus and organelles; they only have ribosomes, a cell wall, and a capsule.

Eukaryotic Cells

Cells that can be unicellular or multicellular, have a nucleus, organelles, and can form tissues.

Cell Differentiation

The process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type, leading to diverse structures and functions.

Nucleus

A membrane-bound organelle that serves as the information processing and administrative center of a eukaryotic cell, storing genetic material and coordinating cell activities.

Nuclear Envelope

A selectively permeable barrier formed by two membranes that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.

Chromatin

The combination of DNA and proteins found in the nucleus; it exists as euchromatin (active) or heterochromatin (inactive).

Meiosis

A specialized type of cell division that results in four unique haploid cells, crucial for sexual reproduction.

Mitosis

A process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells, maintaining the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

Stem Cells

Undifferentiated cells that have the potential to develop into different cell types and can renew themselves through cell division.

Nucleolus

A prominent sub-structure within the nucleus responsible for ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis and ribosome assembly.

Chromosomes

Structures within cells that contain DNA; they are visible during mitosis and meiosis when DNA is tightly coiled.

Euchromatin

Less condensed chromatin that is transcriptionally active and found in metabolically active cells.

Heterochromatin

Highly condensed chromatin that is transcriptionally inactive, typically found in cells with low metabolic activity.

Cytokinesis

The process during cell division where the cytoplasm divides to form two separate daughter cells.

Nucleoplasm

The viscous fluid within the nucleus, containing water, dissolved ions, and a mixture of other molecules.