Studied by 42 people
Central Business District (CBD)
The area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered
Megalopolis
A continuous urban complex in the northeastern US
Metropolitan Statistical Area
In the US, and urbanized area of at least 50,000 population, the county within which the city is located, and adjacent counties meeting one of several tests indicating a functional connection to the central city.
Vertical Geography
Higher land price leads to taller buildings and underground cities (parking garages, electrical lines, etc.)
Suburb
A residential or commercial area situated within an urban area but outside the central city
Sprawl
Development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area
Density Gradient
The change in density in an urban area from the center to the periphery
Smart Growth
Legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland
Annexation
Legally adding land area to a city in the U.S
Public Transportation
Forms of transportation meant to fit more people than a car, such as a train, or bus.
Borcherts Transportation Epochs
5 big changes in transportation in communication. Sail Wagon (1790-1830), Iron Horse (1830-1870), Steel Rail (1870-1920), Auto-Air-Amenity (1920-1970), Satellite-Jet Propulsion (1970-current).
Sail Wagon Epoch (1790-1830)
Urban areas were clustered along the Atlantic Coast. Communication was primarily by wind-powered ships floating up and down the U.S. coast.
Iron Horse Epoch (1830-1870)
Steam-powered railroads provided transport from outlying areas into cities. Canals connected newly founded inland cities with existing urban centers on the East Coast.
Steel Rail Epoch (1870-1920)
Long-haul rail lines connected urban areas around the country. Travel time between cities was greatly reduced.
Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920-1970)
The gasoline engine made it possible for motor vehicles to become the dominant transport within and between urban areas. Gasoline powered airplanes facilitated travel between distant urban centers.
Satellite-Electronic-Jet propulsion Epoch (1970-current)
The current era is characterized by the ability to communicate electronically, as well as to control transport systems electronically.
Zoning Ordinance
Protect housing homogeneity and may mandate: house size, lot size, and price of homes. Ordinances discourage lower income families entry by pricing homes high.
Census Tract
An area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published; in urban areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods
Urban area
A dense core of census tracts, densely settled suburbs, and low-density land that links the dense suburbs with the core
Urbanized area
In the United States, an urban area with at least 50,000 inhabitants
Commercial Spine
An extension of the CBD, and houses many commercial and industrial applications.
Concentric Zone Model - MDC
City grows outward from CBD in rings. Newer housing is found at the outer rings
Concentric Zone Model - LDC
One of three different types of CBD’s: Colonial, Traditional or Periodic Market. CBD’s are surrounded by informal or squatter settlements. Common in Africa
Sector Model - MDC
Specific types of development expand out from the CBD in corridors or wedges. Sectors are organized by income of residents.
Sector Model - LDC
CBD has both modern and traditional elements. Traditional elements include commercial spines t, and a disamenity sector. Found in Latin America
Multiple Nuclei Model - MDC
Cities grow around nodes of activity, and different ethnicities prefer different kinds of nodes.
Multiple Nuclei Model - LDC
Main node is a port, and there is no true CBD. Government, Western, and Alien zones appear. Found in South Eastern Asia.
Comparison of US and European cities (13.2)
Residences move into CBD’s, and consumer and public services are advanced, and more common. European cities choose to build less skyscrapers to preserve it’s ancient history.
Social Analysis
Statistical analysis used to identify where people of similar living standards, ethnic background, and lifestyle live within an urban area.
Edge City
A node of office, development, or retail activities on the edge of an urban area
Informal (Squatter) settlements
An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures
Underclass
People trapped in a cycle of poverty in a inner city.
Filtering
Older homes are turned into apartments, property maintenance is hard, and value declines
Public housing
Government-owned housing rented to low-income people (Pruitt-Igoe project)
Urban Renewal
Demolition of older neighborhoods, typically low income areas
Gentrification
Renovating an area of an inner city to meet the tastes of middle class civilians.
New Urbanism
Development that creates neighborhoods that promotes a sense of community. Includes a central shopping district surrounded by residential areas that support diversity.
Redlining
Racism in banking system. Banks draw lines that restrict minority movement
Blockbusting
Unscrupulous real estate encourage white homeowner to sell property
Real Estate Covenants
Provision or promise contained in the deed to land. Many covenants prohibit the sale of property to a person of color.
White Flight
As African Americans move from southern cities to northern cities, whites move to suburbs.
Central City
An urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit (or municipality)
Disamenity
Sector with no city services (plumbing, sewage system), possibly controlled by gangs. Common in Latin America.
Galactic/Peripheral model
CBD is surrounded by large suburbs and is encompassed by a ring road. Suburbs along the road are called edge cities. Different ethnicities gravitate to different nodes.
Market Segmentation
People that live in the same area want the same product
Inner City social issues
Unemployment, crime, drug use, poor access to services, less and less government assistance
Inner City physical issues
Filtering, Urban renewal, Gentrification
Congestion Charge
Motorists are forced to pay a fee when driving into a central area. Found in London and Stockholm
Tolls
Motorists are charged for using a highway or freeway. Found in California, Illinois, and Toronto
Permits
Motorists must buy a license to drive down the busiest roads. Found in Singapore, and some Chinese cities plan to incorporate this in the future
Bans
Vehicles are banned from certain portions of the city at a certain time of day. Found in Copenhagen, Munich, Vienna, Zurich, and Haarlem
Who developed the Concentric Zone Model?
Ernest Burgess in 1923
Who developed the Sector Model?
Homer Hoyt in 1939
Who developed the Multiple Nuclei Model?
Chauncey Harris and Edward Ullman in 1945
Who developed the Galactic Model?
Chauncey Harris in 1960
Who applied the Concentric Zone Model to Developing Countries?
Harm deBlij
Who applied the Sector Model to Developing Countries?
Ernest Griffin and Larry Ford
Who applied the Multiple Nuclei Model to Developing Countries?
T.G. McGee
What are other names for Informal Settlements in the Concentric Zone Model (LDC)?
Barriadas, Favelas, Bidonvilles, Bastees, Gecekondu, Kampongs, and Barong-Barong
Which MDC model is highly influenced by transportation patterns?
Sector Model
What is the sector called where rich people live in LDC’s?
Elite Sector
Why are factories, departments stores, and other “big box” retailers not found in the CBD?
They followed the population out to the suburbs
What are examples of regional problems that council governments address?
Solid waste and sewer disposal, construction of affordable housing, and traffic management.
Note 
Flashcard (41)