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Which of the following does not affect diffusing capacity?
a. The partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide
b. The alveolar surface area
c. The density of the alveolar membrane
d. The volume of air in the atmosphere
d
Total obstruction of the airway by aspirated material is manifested by:
a. hoarse cough.
b. rapid loss of consciousness.
c. dyspnea.
d. inflammation of the mucosa.
b
A reduced number of red blood cells (RBCs) in the blood results in the following
change in the oxygen saturation (SaO2) of the blood:
a. The SaO2 would increase.
b. The SaO2 would decrease.
c. The number of RBCs will not affect the SaO2.
d. There will be a decrease only if the osmotic pressure of the blood is also
decreased.
c
Which is a major cause of respiratory failure?
a. Aspiration.
b. Atelectasis.
c. Sepsis.
d. All of these are causes of respiratory failure.
d
Emphysema differs from chronic bronchitis in that emphysema:
a. is characterized by mucous production and inflammation.
b. obstructs the large airways.
c. obstructs the alveoli.
d. there are no differences between the two conditions.
c
You have admitted a 20-year-old male to the emergency room
with a history of asthma. He is having an acute asthma attack and is
wheezing, fighting for air, hypoxic, and afraid. What is causing these
acute symptoms?
a. Relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle with dry mucous membranes
b. Constriction of the bronchial smooth muscle and air trapping
c. Acute destruction of lung tissue
d. Contraction of the elastic fibers of the lung
b
Which of the following clinical manifestations are related to hypoxemia?
a. Cyanosis
b. Cough
c. Chest pain
d. Hemoptysis
a
How would you know you have hypoxemia?
a. Radiograph
b. Measure the partial pressure of oxygen in blood
c. Measure the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in blood
d. All of these detect hypoxemia
b
Which of the following can trigger acute respiratory distress syndrome?
a. Severe lung infection.
b. Inhaling toxic fumes.
c. Aspirating stomach contents into the lungs.
d. All of these can trigger acute respiratory distress syndrome.
d
What is the major problem in cystic fibrosis?
a. Formation of cysts in fibrotic tissues
b. Pancreatitis
c. Lung injury
d. Electrolyte and water transport
d
Which of the following diseases is most likely the cause of your patient’s barrel
chest?
a. Emphysema
b. Pneumonia
c. Tuberculosis
d. Acute respiratory distress syndrome
a
Which of the following is least likely to be a part of the daily routine for a patient
with severe asthma?
a. Inhaled bronchodilators
b. Inhaled corticosteroids
c. Oxygen therapy
d. Avoiding triggers
c
If a patient gets air in the pleural space, this results in:
a. pneumonia.
b. pneumothorax.
c. pleuritis.
d. plethora
b
Which of the following pathways best describes the pathophysiology of acute
respiratory distress syndrome?
a. Injury–inflammation–pulmonary edema–alveolar collapse–hypoxemia–fibrosis
b. Infection–edema–fibrosis–hypoxemia–alveolar collapse–pulmonary edema
c. Genetic mutation–sodium transport impaired–mucus stasis–infection–
hypoxemia
d. Trigger–inflammation–airway constriction–alveolar collapse–hypoxemia–fibrosis
a
Which of the following refers to the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the alveolar capillary junction?
a. Perfusion
b. Respiration
c. Ventilation
d. Diffusion
d
What is the major role of oxygen?
a. Maintains acid–base balance in the body
b. Necessary for cellular metabolism
c. Triggers chemoreceptors in the body
d. All of these
b
Which measure of ventilation is the maximal amount of air that can be moved in
and out of the lungs with forced inhalation and exhalation?
a. Vital capacity
b. Forced expiratory volume
c. Tidal volume
d. Total lung capacity
a
Which of the following increases the affinity of oxygen to hemoglobin?
a. Iron
b. Heme
c. Myoglobin
d. Magnesium
a
Which of the following refers to cellular deprivation of oxygen?
a. Hypoxemia
b. Hypercapnia
c. Hypoxia
d. All of these
c
Which of the following early signs could alert you to the presence of hypoxia,
particularly in children?
a. Restlessness
b. Cyanosis
c. Lethargy
d. Coma
a
Which is an example of where a person could have hypoxia without hypoxemia?
a. Asphyxiation
b. Carbon monoxide poisoning
c. Myocardial infarction
d. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
c
How would you know if you had hypoxemia or hypercapnia?
a. Measure oxygen saturations.
b. Perform pulmonary function testing.
c. Measure arterial blood gases.
d. Observe for signs and symptoms
c
Your patient describes a sensation of shortness of breath and the inability to
get enough air. This is documented as:
a. dyspnea.
b. orthopnea.
c. hemoptysis.
d. aspiration.
a
You notice that your patient has a barrel chest. This is most likely a result of:
a. smoking.
b. chronic costochondritis.
c. chronic alveolar distention.
d. hypoxia
c
Upon auscultation of your patient’s lung sounds, you notice a high-pitched
wheezing sound. This is due to:
a. airway constriction.
b. bronchodilation.
c. fluid accumulation in the lungs.
d. asthma
a
Your 4-month-old cousin is diagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux. She spits
up frequently after feedings and is irritable for about 1 hour after eating. At her last health checkup, the practitioner mentioned that she is at risk for pneumonia. What would be the most likely cause for this?
a. Prematurity
b. Ineffective cough reflex
c. Probably exposure to the influenza virus
d. Aspiration
d
Which of the following diagnostic findings is related to the accumulation of the
products of inflammation during typical pneumonia?
a. Pneumothorax
b. Consolidation
c. Hemoptysis
d. Exudation
b
What is the route of transmission for tuberculosis?
a. Airborne droplet nuclei
b. Respiratory droplet transmission
c. Direct contact
d. Vector transmission
a
Which of the following is not characteristic of infection with tuberculosis?
a. The tuberculosis bacillus is slow growing.
b. A humoral-mediated immune response is critical for destruction of the bacillus.
c. The tuberculosis bacilli do not produce toxins.
d. The infection can be found in any organ in the body
b
Which of the following is defined as an irreversible enlargement of the air
spaces beyond the terminal bronchioles, most notably in the alveoli, resulting in
destruction of the alveolar walls and obstruction of airflow?
a. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
b. Chronic bronchitis
c. Asthma
d. Emphysema
d
Which of the following is not a change in the bronchi and bronchioles
related to chronic bronchitis?
a. Chronic inflammation in the airways
b. Hypertrophy of bronchial mucous glands
c. Fibrosis
d. Squamous cell metaplasia
b
Which of the following manifestations are more commonly found in chronic
bronchitis as compared to emphysema?
a. Lymphadenopathy
b. Cough
c. Dyspnea
d. Cyanosis
d
What is the major problem at the cellular level in cystic fibrosis?
a. Electrolyte and water transport
b. Mucous obstruction
c. Infection
d. Pancreatitis
a
Which clinical manifestation, when found in newborns, may indicate the
presence of cystic fibrosis?
a. Coughing
b. Yellow, seedy, loose stools
c. Cyanosis
d. Meconium ileus
d
