Evolutionary Biology Exam 3 Review

In female collared flycatchers, how did adding extra eggs in the nest
 during year 1, affect the females in later years?

They had smaller clutches each year after year 1

They did not show a decline in clutch size until age 4

They also had more eggs in year two, but fewer in
 years 3 and 4

They had larger clutches in later years, 
likely owing to experience

They had smaller clutches each year after year 1

Which of the following suggests human behavior evolved, 
at least in part, due to natural selection?

the study of human interactions where fathers had 
significantly more negative interactions with their 
step-children versus biological children

the study of human interactions where young children
were more likely to be murdered by their genetic 
fathers compared to their step-fathers

the study of male reed buntings where mate pair males 
contributed more to clutches in which they had more parentage

the study showing that people given anti-fever 
medicine for rhinovirus infections have an inferior 
immune response compared to people who were given a 
placebo

The study of human interactions where fathers had significantly more negative interactions with their step-children versus biological children

When are hybrid zones usually produced?

during reinforcement

during sympatric speciation

when secondary contact occurs after allopatric speciation

during polyploid hybrid speciation

When secondary contact occurs after allopatric speciation

Based on genomic data, we infer that humans interbred 
with Neanderthals and Denisovans because patterns of SNP excess 
indicate gene flow into non-African human lineages.

False

True

True

Suboptimal life histories are observed because populations lack the 
time and/or additive genetic variation in life history traits to 
enable evolution toward an optimum. 

True

False

True

Social interaction between animals where one individual imposes a 
penalty on another, and in so doing suffers a loss, is termed ________.

spite

altruism

mutual benefit

selfishness

Spite

Language most likely arose after the evolution of modern humans 
(Homo sapiens).

False

True

False

What is the most obvious genetic difference between humans and the 
African great apes?

Gorillas and chimps have 24 pairs of 
chromosomes, whereas humans have 23

percent sequence divergence of exons

percent sequence divergence of introns

humans lack functional copies of some genes found in 
chimpanzees and gorillas

Gorillas and chimps have 24 pairs of chromosomes, whereas humans have 23

If an actor shares one parent with a recipient, 
what is their coefficient of relatedness in a diploid, 
sexually reproducing species?

1/8

1/4

1/16

0

1/4

Which of the following hypotheses adequately describes the high 
virulence of malaria?

Coincidental evolution

Shortsighted evolution

Trade-off

Recent entrance

Trade-off

The more offspring a parent attempts to raise at once, the __________ ?

less time and energy the parent can devote to caring 
for each one.

more time the parent can devote to caring for all 
offspring

larger the offspring should be

the less effort to rear as a group

Less time and energy the parent can devote to caring for each one

As evidenced from the seed beetle, Stator limatus, 
eggs laid on a poor food source should be ________?

smaller

variable in size

more abundant

larger

Larger

Which of the following is evidence in support of the 
African replacement hypothesis?

Fossils from 30,000 years ago showing mixed features of modern humans and Neanderthals

Brow ridge similarities between H. erectus fossils from Java and modern Australian aborigines

All other choices are correct

higher neutral allelic diversity in extant human populations in Africa compared to Europe

Higher neutral allelic diversity in extant human populations in Africa compared to Europe

Which of the following types of diseases have the highest 
virulence on average?

direct contact

waterborne

vectorborne

sexually transmitted

Vectorborne

What is senescence?

Survival over time

Increase in likelihood of dying early in life 
and late in life.

Late-life decline in fitness (survival and reproduction)

Dying before reproduction

Late-life decline in fitness (survival and reproduction)

What is an adaptive radiation?

When many new species form rapidly after exploitation 
of a new habitat by a certain group of organisms

The evolution of larger size in animals on islands

The evolution of many new species after a habitat has 
been colonized for a long period of time.

When many species develop novel characteristics as they evolve

When many new species form rapidly after exploitation of a new habitat by a certain group of organisms

Cannibalism in cane toad tadpoles is an example of?

mutual benefit

Altruism

Selfishness

spite

Selfishness

Humans share a more recent common ancestor with Homo ergaster than 
with Australopithecus anamensis

False

True

True

Although many different definitions of "species" exist, 
the essence of speciation is established as...?

Differential mutation

Natural selection

Lack of gene flow

Populations of different size

Lack of gene flow

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

Homo ergaster should not be considered a human '
species because its braincase volume was so small

Homo habilis and Homo rudolfensis may in fact be the same species

Cro-Magnon I was a modern human with an exceptionally large braincase

Robust australopithecines had larger teeth, jaws and 
jaw muscles than did gracile australopithecines

Homo ergaster should not be considered human species because its braincase volume was so small

The wealth of evidence of early hominin evolution is that the 
pattern of evolution leading from our last common ancestor to 
present day Homo sapiens has been a steady transformation of a 
single lineage.

False

True

False

 Are Belding's ground squirrels truly altruistic when they trill?

No, they are cooperating

No, they are increasing their total fitness

No, they are spiteful

Yes

No they are increasing their total fitness

With regards to the mutation accumulation hypothesis, 
a mutation that causes death late in life is likely to strongly 
selected against.

False

True

False

Snowy campion, Silene latifolia, is a plant that is native to 
Europe and invasive in North America. What did Blair and Wolfe 
find out about this plant, as it relates to trade-offs?

plants are better adapted to the opposite environment 
to where they are found (e.g. plants from Europe do 
better in North America

plants in North America are better adapted than 
plants in Europe

plants in Europe are better adapted than plants in 
North America

plants are better adapted in the environment where they are found

Plants are better adapted in the environment where they are found

What is it called when individuals with certain traits choose mates 
that share those same traits?

Hybrid mating

Matched mating

Assortative mating

Reinforcement

Assortative mating