Spam

Spammmmm

a word used before to connect it to another word

preposition

Modifies base words to have different meanings

Derivational morpheme

The formation of a new word by combining parts of two or more words, often resulting in a shortened or contracted form e.g Breakfast+Lunch=Brunch

blending

first letter of a series of words and pronouncing the word in its own right (lol, anzac)

acronym

said as a series of letters (r.a.c.v. r.s.p.c.a.)

initialisms

command

imperatives

used to link an independent clause and a dependent clause

subordinating conjunctions

Word formation process that involves words evolving as a result of using the first letter of a series of words and pronouncing it as a word in its own right.

Acronym

The practice of moving back and forth between languages and/or dialects in a single interaction. It is a normal and natural feature of the conversations between speakers who know the same languages.

Code-Switching

These sentences structures contain at least two main/independent clauses, joined together by a coordinating conjunction.

compound sentence

These sentence structures must have at least three clauses in total, with at least two main/independent clauses and at least one subordinate/dependent clause.

compound-complex sentence

This sentence type functions to provide information, observations or statements.

declarative

These clauses aren't able to stand alone in a sentence.

dependent/subordinate clause

Consist of any behaviour or language that challenges an individual's need for freedom and respect.

face threatening acts

The speech habits peculiar to a particular person.

idiolect

These clauses can stand alone in a sentence.

independent/main clauses

These sentence structures contain a single main/independent clause.

simple sentence

Encompasses the... 1. Function (why the text exists) 2. Field (the main topics and themes addressed) 3. Mode (spoken, signed, written) 4. Setting (when and where the text is created) 5. Relationship between the interlocutors (close, moderate or extended social distance - solidarity - power dynamic and status) ...of a text.

situational context

a hypothesis that states that there is a vital time in a child's early life to learn language

critical period of language development (CPH)

Replacing a voiced stop with a voiceless stop, "pig" may become "bik"

Voiceless stops

Replacing a voiceless stop with a voiced stop

Voiced stops

The study of the structure of words and the different forms that they take.

Morphology

A continuous stretch of language larger than a sentence

Discourse

The overall study of a language's vocabulary (form, behaviour, meaning of words)

Lexicology

Study of the meaning of words

Semantics

The study of the sounds in language

Phonology

Smallest unit of sound

Phonemes

The study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences

Syntax

used to add emphasis and to signal our specific meanings and intentions

prosodic features

the degree of highness or lowness in a voice

pitch

The rise and fall of a voice in speaking

intonation

emphasis given to words or parts of words

stress

How loud or soft an utterance is

Volume

the smallest unit of meaning in language

lexeme

A person, place, thing, event or quality

noun

describes an action

verb

A word used in place of a noun to avoid repetition and refer to people, objects, or ideas.

pronoun

describes a noun or pronoun

adjective

a joining word that links words and phrases

conjunction

specifies, identifies or quantifies the noun that follows it

determiner

affixes that modify a word's grammatical function, such as tense, number, or case, without changing its basic meaning or part of speech.

inflectional morpheme

Morphemes that can appear as individual words

free morpheme

Morphemes that cant appear as individual words

bound morphemes

The process of combining two or more words to create a new word with a distinct meaning e.g blue+berry

compounding

The process of creating a shorter version of a word by removing one or more syllables or sounds e.g refridgerator-fridge

shortening

Shortened forms of words created by combining two words and replacing one or more letters with an apostrophe e.g "can't" (cannot) and "won't" (will not).

contractions

subject + predicate

sentence

Encourages interaction

interrogatives

used to link two words, phrases, sentences of equal importance

coordinating conjunctions

the subject carries out the verb

active voice

These responses are often phatic expressions, primarily serving a social or meta-conversational purpose, such as signifying the listener's attention, understanding, or agreement, rather than conveying significant information.

Backchanneling

These sentence structures contain a single main/independent clause and one or more subordinate/dependent clauses.

complex sentence

This sentence type is used to make exclamations.

exclamative

A mitigating device to lessen the impact of an utterance. Can be adverbs (or discourse particles), often in combination with modal verbs.

hedging

This sentence type gives a direct order or instruction.

imperative

Word formation process that involves using the beginning letters in a sequence of words and continuing to say them as a series of letters.

initialism

This sentence type is used when framing questions.

interrogative

Language shared by those who belong to a profession, trade or some other occupational group. It serves two functions: 1. To serve as technical or specialist languages 2. To promote in-group solidarity

jargon

Consist of the need to be autonomous and act without imposition from others (freedom).

negative face needs

A newly coined word.

neologism

In these sentences, the agent moves out of the subject position of the sentence and is replaced by the patient of the sentence.

passive voice

Consist of the need to be liked, respected and treated as a member of a group (value).

positive face needs

Any socially defined variety of language that is appropriate for a specific situation, occupation or subject matter.

register

Typically used in informal or casual written texts, and act as a sentence even though they aren't a complete main clause.

sentence fragment

A form of language used by a socioeconomic class, a profession, an age group or other social group.

sociolect

Donut

Parsh

The social and contextual meaning

Connotation

The dictionary definition of a word

Denotation

A connected speech process where one sound becomes more like a nearby sound. e.g Handbag sounds like hanbag

Assimilation

A connected speech process where an extra sound is added between two vowel sounds that resembles either /a/j/w/r, this is marked. e.g you /w/ up

Insertion

Emotive, Conative, Referential, Poetic, Phatic, Metalinguistic

Jakobson's functions

expresses feelings

Emotive function

Conveys information

Referential function

Engages the Addressee (e.g. 'Sit down!')

Conative function

Establishes social connection, small talk

Phatic function

Talks about language

Metalinguistic function

Aesthetics of language

Poetic function

who or what the sentence is about

Subject

the part of a sentence, or a clause, that states something about the subject.

predicate

Gives more information about the subject or object, e.g "John is sad"

complement

gives us info about time, place, manner, reason, e.g John ate breakfast at 8am at a cafe on mondays?

adverbial

What an authour intends to do or achieve with a text

Authourial intent

The reason the text has been created

Purpose of a text

words in a sentence that carry real-world meaning

content words

words that exist to perform a job, usually to convey grammatical relationships between words in a sentence

function words

a theory that argues that language acquisition comes about through the way a child engages with their environment

Innatism

a theory that holds that children acquire language through imitation and reinforcement

Interactionism

a part of a human's brain that contains the inbuilt ability to process and learn language

Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

speech directed toward infants and young children displays special characteristics, such as heightened pitch or exaggerated intonation

motherese or caretaker speech or child directed speech

this refers to the repetition of the whole syllable, as in 'choo-choo'

reduplication

this is where the baby actually replaces one sound for another

substitution

nouns, verbs, auxiliary verbs, modal verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions, determiners, interjections

Word classes

vocal effects, including whispers, laughter; non verbal, communication, including gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, creakiness, and breathiness

Paralinguistic features

inferences

Semantic domain

Where a child substitutes one sound for another, usually to avoid consonant clusters.

Substitution

The repetition of an entire syllable, "choo choo"

Reduplication

Children apply a grammatical rule too widely

Overgeneralisation

Children use a specific expression in a limited way, e.g. 'boy' for all males.

Undergeneralisation

The speed or slowness of a voice

tempo

The agent is not mentioned

Agentless passive