1) Chapter 5: Encouraging, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing: Active Listening and Cognition (Ivey et al., 2024)

Emotional regulation

Involves using our cognitive capacity to regulate impulsive emotions and act appropriately in complex situations. It relates to the reflection of feelings and the brain's limbic system, but it is also a key part of executive functioning.

Active listening

A communication process that requires active participation, decision making, and responding on our part.

Perception check

Checking with clients to discover how your counselling lead or skill was received. "Is that right?" "Did I hear you correctly?" "What might I have missed?"

Encouragers

Are verbal and nonverbal expressions the counsellor or psychotherapist can use to prompt clients to continue talking.

Restatement

A type of extended encouragement where the counsellor or psychotherapist repeats short statements of two or more words exactly as used by the client. Nonverbal components include facial expression and vocal tone.

Paraphrasing

Helps to shorten and clarify the essence of what has just been said, but be sure to use the client's main words when you paraphrase. They are often fed back to the client in a questioning tone of voice.

Summarizing

Uses client comments and integrates thoughts, emotions, and behaviours. Similar to paraphrasing, but addresses a longer time span. It typically, but not always, includes a summary of emotions as well.

Neural networks

Large numbers of interconnected neurons working together to achieve a specific outcome.

Microaggressions

Small hurts that accumulate and magnify over time.

Active listening skills:

- Encouraging
- Paraphrasing
- Summarizing
- Checkout/Perception check

Elements of paraphrasing:

- Start the sentence by using the client's name
- Use keywords identified by the client
- Paraphrase what the client says in simple terms
- Check with the client if your paraphrasing was accurate

Listening skills with children

- Speak to them calmly since many are constantly told what to do
- Increase their executive functioning
- Try to understand the world from their point of view
- Good traits --> smiling, warmth, active listening skills
- Talk to them at eye level (avoid looking down)
- Questions can disinterest children, try to get them to talk to you
- No leading questions!

What types of cognitive theories are used for counselling and psychotherapy?

- Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)
- Rational emotive behavioural therapy (REBT)
- Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT)