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What type of hormone can directly bind to DNA and alter its expression?
Steroid hormones (and thyroid hormones)
What two chemicals does Phospholipase C split PIP2 into?
Inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG)
What kind of stimulus causes the release of PTH when blood calcium drops?
Humoral stimulus
What is the function of phosphodiesterase?
Breaks down cyclic AMP (cAMP) into AMP
Epinephrine and aldosterone are released by which gland?
Adrenal gland
Which two hormones are released from the neurohypophysis?
Oxytocin and Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
What is one function of hormones related to metabolism?
Regulation of metabolism by thyroid hormones that control the metabolic rate.
How do hormones contribute to growth and development?
They regulate growth, development, and puberty, like growth hormone promoting bone and muscle growth.
How do hormones maintain homeostasis?
They regulate systems in the body, such as insulin regulating blood sugar levels.
What are the three types of endocrine stimulation?
Humoral stimuli, Neural stimuli, and Hormonal stimuli.
What triggers hormonal release in humoral stimuli?
Changes in blood levels of ions or nutrients.
What triggers hormonal release in neural stimuli?
Nerve impulses.
What is the mechanism by which steroid hormones affect target cells?
They pass through the cell membrane, bind to intracellular receptors, and regulate DNA transcription.
What is synergistic interaction in hormone action?
Two or more hormones work together for a greater effect.
What is antagonistic interaction in hormone action?
One hormone opposes the action of another.
What is permissive interaction in hormone action?
One hormone enhances the action of another hormone.
How do water-soluble hormones activate second messengers?
They bind to receptors on the cell membrane, which activates second messengers like cAMP.
How can water-soluble hormones activate enzymes in target cells?
By binding to receptors, which activates protein kinases that phosphorylate proteins.
What changes in gene expression can water-soluble hormones induce?
They can initiate signaling pathways leading to changes in gene transcription via secondary messengers.
What is up-regulation?
Increasing the number of receptors in response to low hormone levels.
What is down-regulation?
Decreasing the number of receptors in response to high hormone levels.
Why does up-regulation occur?
To increase sensitivity to a hormone when its levels are low.
Why does down-regulation occur?
To decrease sensitivity to a hormone when its levels are chronically high.
What hormone triggers the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
A drop in blood calcium levels shows humoral stimulus.
What effect does thyroid hormone have on growth hormone?
Thyroid hormones are necessary for the full effect of growth hormone.
What is the primary function of insulin in the body?
To lower blood glucose levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells.
What hormone is responsible for the body's stress response?
Cortisol, released by the adrenal gland in response to stress.
What role does thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) play?
TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.
How does cortisol affect metabolism?
It increases blood sugar levels by promoting gluconeogenesis.
What is the primary effect of glucagon?
To raise blood sugar levels by promoting the conversion of glycogen to glucose.
What does aldosterone do in the body?
It regulates sodium and potassium levels, affecting blood pressure.
What triggers the release of oxytocin?
Sensory nerve stimulation during childbirth or breastfeeding.
What is the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
To increase blood calcium levels by promoting calcium release from bones.
What is the role of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?
To stimulate the adrenal cortex to release cortisol.
What hormone is known as the 'fight or flight' hormone?
Epinephrine (adrenaline), which prepares the body for rapid response to stress.
What is the role of insulin in glucose metabolism?
Insulin facilitates the uptake of glucose into cells, lowering blood glucose levels.
What is the primary role of insulin in the body?
To lower blood glucose levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells.
What is the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
To increase blood calcium levels by promoting calcium release from bones.
What does aldosterone do in the body?
It regulates sodium and potassium levels, affecting blood pressure.
What is the primary role of glucagon?
To raise blood sugar levels by promoting the conversion of glycogen to glucose.
What are the three types of endocrine stimulation?
Humoral stimuli, Neural stimuli, and Hormonal stimuli.
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