BIOL1202 FINAL + EXAM 4 cordes lsue

_____________ is the study of viruses, Achaea, Protists, and fungi

Microbiology

Virus in Latin means __________

Poison

In the process of formulating a hypothesis, we select the simplest answer to the question posed in the initial step of the Scientific Method. By selecting the simplest answer, we are invoking the law (principle) of ________________

Parismony

Some viruses are ___________________________________________

comprised of an RNA genome or DNA genomes (a & c only)

Aristotle thought (based on some observations) that some living things were produced from nonliving matter. What do we call this process that Aristotle "thought" he observed?

Spontaneous generation

Viruses ____________ - therefore a vaccine that works today on one strain may not work in the future on other strains.

mutate

______ repeatedly performed experiments using covered and uncovered containers of meat and determined that certain flying insects were never found in meat kept in covered containers.

Redi

AIDS and Ebola originally infected only monkeys and apes. Due to changes in morphology, viruses can "_________" species, and now AIDS and Ebola viruses are infecting humans

jump

____________ was the 1st to develop a serious classification system. he was also the 1st to use the term species. (pupil of plato and tutored by Alexander the Great)

Aristotle

___________ means that carbon (C) is part of an entities chemical formula.

Organic

In 1953 (along with Harols Urey) _____________ built an apparatus that simulated condition on primitive earth- the apparatus circulate methane, hydrogen, ammonia, and water past an electric spark- 4 necessary precursors to living organisms were

Stanley

_____________ gave us our modern scheme of class-action. Wrote Systema Naturae

Linnaeus

_____________ consists of naked strands of RNA that causes a dozen or so crop diseases

Viroids

___________ wrote Systema Naturae (tenth edition in 175.) The 10th edition is referred to as the forerunner of our hierarchal system of nomenclature.

Linnaeus

Bacteria have an outer wall made of _________________ (amino disaccharide and peptide fragments)

peptidoglycan

______________ was the first to do a systematic treatment of Herpes and initiated the concept of "lumping." His work was largely overshadowing by Linaaeus had read his notes.

John Ray

In prokaryotic reproduction, a single circular chromosome replicates forming 2 strands that separate and are divided by a plasma membrane and cell wall in a process termed ________________

binary fission

____________ is an approach to systematics where in all characters are quantified and given the same "weighing" level of importance.

Phenetics

When penicillin was 1st introduced, less than 3% of Staphylococcus aureus strains were resistant to it, now, due to __________________, 90% or more are resistant to it, therefore penicillin is largely ineffective against Staphylococcus ours infections.

selective advantage

In prokaryotes, new generations may form as rapidly as ever 12 minutes therefore mutations occur ________________ than in Eukaryotes

more rapidly

Don't buy food cans that are dented because pores can germinate in dented cans (oxygen is released from dent when thin zinc coating is broken) causing ________________

botulism

Prokaryotes that must live in the absence of oxygen are termed ___________________

obligate anaerobes

________________ bacteria living in human's intestines release vitamins K and B helping humans produce blood components. ________________ prokaryotes in the stomachs of cows and goats digest cellulose, so the cows and goats feed on grass.

Mutualistic

Parasitic bacteria that cause diseases are called ______________. ________________ produce a toxic substance. It can adhere to surfaces and can invade cells or organs.

Pathogens

Bacteria and Achaea are classified according to there body ___________

shape

The wings of bats and butterflies would be termed _______________ structures since they have the ___________ function but a _____________ origin.

analagous, same, different (ASD)

In the order of most inclusive to least inclusive, which of the following correctly lists the 7 levels of hierarchal taxonomy typically used by animal biologists. We acknowledge that the most inclusive level is the domain.

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

The term ______________ means that all organisms on the phylogenic tree have descended from a common ancestor

monophyletic

In "evolutionary systematics", analogies and homologies are ________________

differentiated

Malaria is caused by a sporozoan in the genus ________________ of the phylum Apicomplexa.

Plasmodium

The scientific name for human beings is _______________

Homo sapiens

Except in the class anthozoa, both __________ and _____________ body forms are stages in the life cycle of cnidarians

polyp, medusa

Some fungi have cross walls or ___________ in their hyphae, we call these hyphae ____________

septa, septate

_______________ is a unicellular green algae with 2 flagella on its anterior end.

Chlamydomonas

A trinomial would be comprised of ______________, _______________, and ___________________.

genus, specific epithet, subspecific epithet

the term subspecies denotes ____________________

a population of a species that exhibits localized or regionalized differences from other populations of the specific species, and are only recognized by a trinomial, (a & c only)

The body or thallus of a fungi is termed _________________

mycellum

Which of the following is true about mosses....

all the above

The largest living organism known is the ________________

honey mushroom

_____________________ secretes a toxin that is the most potent natural carcinogen known.

Aspergilliums flavus

Of the club fungi, sac fungi, AM fungi or zygospore fungi is incorrect because.....

none of the above

The cladogram for evolutionary relationships within the fungi is incorrect because ________________________

all lineages must be monophyletic

Saccharomyces cerevisioe is a ________________ added to grape juice to produce wine and when added to select prepared grains will produce beer

yeast

The common ancestor for the fungi was a ______________________ with chitin in the cell walls

flagellated saprotrophic

______________ is the process of using creative thinking to combine isolated facts into a cohesive whole, or making specific observation and from them.

inductive reasoning

Four evolutionary events describe the progression of plants (through geologic time). Which of the following events are true?...

all the above

The scala nature or sequential ladder of life was originally developed by _____________

Aristotle

The leaves on a fern are termed ____________

fronds

Anther + filament = _________

stamen

Ephedra is to Gnetophyta as pins is to ___________________

Coniferophyta

A ______________ is a gas filled sac possessed by a member of the osteichthyes that allows buoyancy to be maintained at various levels in the water columns

large liver

During the evolution of animals, the development of bilateral symmetry was accompanied by __________________

cephalization

The most successful class of arthropods and thus the most successful class of organisms on Earth are in the class ______________

insecta

The simplest group of multicellular animals completely lacking in true tissues and organs (even their cells show a certain degree of independence- they have a cellular level or grace of organization) belong to the phylum _____________

porifera

Which of the following is/are basic characteristics that occur during the life cycle ontogeny of all chordates?...

All the above

In the phylum Echinodermata, what class would contain the sea urchins and sand dollars?

Echinoidea

All of the following belong in the class insects except __________

mites

Spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites have _________ pairs of walking legs

4

The class ________ and the order _____________ contain swans and geese

aves, anseriformes

Frogs and toads belong to the class ____________

amphibian

In the phylum Platyhelminthes, which of the following classes is free-living and not parasitic?

turbellaria

The class ______________ contains sea cucumbers. Members of this class lack rays, they have tough leathery skin

Holothuroidea

Crawfish belong to the class ________________

malacostraca

Animals with jaws are known as ______________

ghathostomata

The _____________ are the largest class of mollusks

gastropods

Mussels, clams, scallops, oysters, anf shipworms are examples of the class _______________

bivalvia

Zebras belong to the mammals order _______________

perissodactyla

The phylum ____________ contains cuttlefish. These organisms are ________________ because they have a body cavity that is lined by mesoderm.

mollusca, euccelomates

Gastropods have visceral masses that are asymmetrical due to ____________ that occurs during the veliger stage (between embryo and juvenile stages of development)

torsion

If gastropod has a shell (sea hares have a vestigial, sea butterflies have no shell) it is always a one placed shell, therefore we term these animals ____________

univalves

If gastropod shell coils to the left, we term this ________________ coiling. If a gastropod shell coils to the right, we term it _____________ coiling

sinistral, dextral

These mollusks possess no radula and exhibit little cephalization. They are laterally compressed and possess a dorsal hinge ligament. Their mantis secretes nacre around an irritant like sand or parasite. To what class do these animals belong?

Bivalvia

The most advanced mollusks belong in the class _______________

cephalopoda

Subclass Pterygota; mayflies

Order Ephemeroptera

Subclass Pterygota; dragonflies and damselflies

Order Odonata

Subclass Pterygota; grasshoppers, locusts, crickets, and katydids; Romalea (genus of grasshopper you need to know); possess chewing mouth parts

Order Orthoptera

Subclass Pterygota; cockroaches

Order Blattodea

Subclass Pterygota; earwigs

Order Dermaptera

Subclass Pterygota; used to be called the true bugs, now the true bug name is demoted to the suborder Heteroptera (1 of 3 in this order); in most Heteropterans, the basal portion of front wing is thickened and leathery, the apical portion is membranous; assassin bugs, Water Boatmen, cicadas, hoppers, and water striders

Order Hemiptera

Subclass Pterygota; dobsonflies, antlions, and lacewings

Order Neuroptera

Subclass Pterygota; beetles

Order Coleoptera

Subclass Pterygota; scorpionflies

Order Mecoptera

Subclass Pterygota; butterflies and moths

Order Lepidoptera

Subclass Pterygota; true flies, crane flies, mosquitos, moth flies, midges, fruit flies, flesh flies, house flies, horse flies, bot flies, blow flies, etc.; possess elongated mouth parts for piercing food

Order Diptera

fruit fly

Genus Drosophila

house fly

Genus Musca

mosquito

Genus Anopheles and Genus Culex

Subclass Pterygota; caddisflies

Order Tricoptera

Subclass Pterygota; ants, bees, and wasps

Order Hymenoptera

shrimp, lobster, crab, crawfish, sand fleas, isopods, cladocerans (water fleas), tongue worms, and barnacles; have 2 pr. antennae, have biramous (2 distinct branches of appendage) appendages (but many spp. have lost the additional branch, humans are uniramous); have mandibles, most with compound eyes

Subphylum Crustacea

cladocera (make up large proportion of fresh water plankton - water fleas, know genus Daphnia)

Class Branchiopoda

Class Maxilopoda

Subclass Cirripodia

Class Maxillopoda; copepods, know genus Cyclops; copepods are extremely important ecologically, often domination the primary consumer level of a trophic pyramid

Subclass Copepoda

Ctenophora (comb jellies)

Which phylum posses organisms that posses cilia?

Cephalopoda (Mollusca)

The most advanced molluscs belongs in the class

Torsion

Gastropoda have visceral masses are a asymmetrical due to

Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)

Members of the phylum_____________ have a one way digestive tract food goes in mouth and waste goes out the anus a flexible but thick cudicle protects these animals making them very difficult to kill

Order: Collembola (Springtails)

The order __________ is not an insect but can leap 20 times its body length, live in soil, in decaying plant matter, on freshwater pond surfaces, and along the seashore, may reach millions per hectare in some soils.

Class Asteroidea (sea stars)

Starfishes, sea stars; have 5 or multiple of 5 arms, central disc not distinctly set off from rays. Which class is this.

Class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)

Which class of the echinoderm have biradial symmetry ex cucumaria