BMED 3100 Exam 1 Review

Organizational Principles of Physiology Core Concepts

Hierarchical Organization
Compartmentation
Structure-Function relationships

Functional Principles of Physiology Core Concepts

Cell Communication
Flow Down Gradients
Mass & Energy Balance

Systems Principles of Physiology Core Concepts

Homeostasis & Control Systems
Integration & Interdependence
Causality & Complexity

Cell Theory

1) All organisms are composed of one or more cells
2) Cells are the basic unit of life
3) All cells come from preexisting cells

Cell Structure

Nucleus

Contains genetic material/DNA
Site of transcription

Cell Structure

Cytoplasm

All of the material inside the cell membrane except the nucleus

Cell Structure

Cytosol

Intracellular fluid

Cell Structure

Organelles

Structures that perform a specific function within a cell

Cell Structure

Cytoskeleton

Fibers provide structure

Transport

Movement

Cell Structure

Ribosomes

Participate in protein synthesis

Cell Structure

Mitochondria

produces ATP

Cell Structure

Cell Membrane

Physical isolation & protection

Structural support & connections

Acts as selective barrier

Communication & detection

Features of the Cell Membrane

Outside is polar phospholipid heads
Inside is nonpolar fatty acid tails

_____ materials can freely pass through the cell membrane

Hydrophobic

______ materials require the use of channels to cross the cell membrane

Hydrophilic

Hydrophilic materials are ______ while
Hydrophobic materials are ______

Polar

Nonpolar

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

Genetic information flows in one direction:
DNA transcription → RNA translation → proteins

Functions of Cytoskeleton

Cell shape

Internal organization

Intracellular transport

Assembly of cells into tissues

Movement & support

Cell signaling

Features of Nucleus

DNA

Contains genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism

Double helix shape

Features of Nucleus

Nucleotide

Basic unit of DNA

Features of Nucleus

Gene

Sequence of nucleotides that encodes a specific protein

Features of Nucleus

Chromatin

Material of which the chromosomes are made of; contains DNA and associated proteins

Features of Nucleus

Nucleolus

Genes that code for ribosomal RNA

Site of lots of transcription

Features of Nucleus

Nuclear envelope

Double membrane structure that surrounds the nucleus

Metabolism

Glycolysis

Creates pyruvate from glucose;
occurs in the cytosol

Metabolism

Krebs cycle

Uses acetyl coenzyme A and pyruvate to produce NADH, FADH2, and 2 ATP;
occurs in the mitochondria

Metabolism

Oxidative phosphorylation

NADH, FADH2, and oxygen are used to produce 30 - 34 ATP;
occurs in the mitochondria

Metabolism

Equation for cellular respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 38 ADP + 38 Pi → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 34-38 ATP

Metabolic Fuel Sources

Protein Structures

Primary structure

Amino acid sequence

Protein Structures

Secondary structure

Hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone;
Amino acids fold into repeating pattern

Protein Structures

Tertiary structure

Three-dimensional folding pattern due to side chain interactions

Protein Structures

Quaternary structure

Consisting of more than one amino acid chain

Protein-Ligand Interactions

Specificity

A specific ligand docks with a specific receptor

Protein-Ligand Interactions

Affinity

The attraction of the ligand and protein based on their charges

Protein-Ligand Interactions

Allosteric modulation

A modulator molecule binds to proteins and changes the affinity

Protein-Ligand interactions

Covalent modulation

Protein kinase phosphorylates, or phosphoprotein phosphatase dephosphorylates protein and changes the affinity

Important feature of enzymes

Modulates reaction rates without being altered or consumed;
form enzyme-substrate complexes

Types of connective tissue

Proper (fat, tendon)

Dense (Cartilage, bone)

Loose

Functions of connective tissue

Support, defense, repair, transport, structure

Types of muscular tissue

Skeletal

Smooth

Heart

Functions of skeletal muscular tissue

Movement and maintenance of posture

Types of nervous tissue

Central

Peripheral

Function(s) of nervous tissue

Communication

Regulation

Functions of epithelial tissue (lining)

Protection

Absorption

Secretion

Hierarchy of connective tissue

Examples of mobile cells

Blood cells

Examples of fixed cells

Macrophages

Adipocytes

Fibroblasts

Mineralized

Bone is an example of this kind of ground substance

Gelatinous; Syrupy

Loose/dense connective tissues, cartilage tissue, and adipose tissue are all examples of these kinds of ground substances

Watery

Blood plasma is an example of this kind of ground substance

Examples of protein fibers

Fibronectin

Fibrillin

Elastin

Collagen

Functions of smooth muscle tissue

Contraction

Motility

Functions of cardiac muscle tissue

Heartbeat

Contraction

Striated

Having layers/sheets; skeletal and muscle cells have this property

Ciliated Epithelium

Has cilia that move materials across its surface

Secretory Epithelium

Has exocrine glands that release material to the outside of the body, and endocrine glands that release material into the blood stream

Transporting/Absorptive Epithelium

Has absorptive cells (microvilli) that absorb molecules

Protective Epithelium

A layer of cells that protects the body

Exchange Epithelium

Notably present in the alveoli of the lungs and facilitates the exchange of materials (i.e. CO2 and O2)

Classification of Epithelial Tissue

Simple Squamous

Classification of Epithelial Tissue

Simple Stratified

Classification of Epithelial Tissue

Simple Cuboidal

Classification of Epithelial Tissue

Stratified Cuboidal

Classification of Epithelial Tissue

Simple Columnar

Classification of Epithelial Tissue

Stratified Columnar

Classification of Epithelial Tissue

Pseudostratified Columnar

Structure of Epithelial Tissue

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

Fluid inside a cell

Interstitial fluid (ISF)

Fluid around cell

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

Plasma + ISF

Lumen

The space within tubes, tracts, organs, and cavities of the body

Membrane Transport Hierarchy

Passive Processes

Processes that do not require energy (ATP), materials simply move down their concentration gradient

Active Processes

Processes that require cellular energy (ATP), involving the movement of a substance up its concentration gradient of the formation/loss of a vesicle

Diffusion (P)

Movement of solutes

Osmosis (P)

Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Simple diffusion (P)

The kind of diffusion that does not require a transport protein

Facilitated diffusion (P)

Diffusion that requires a transport protein

Channel-mediated diffusion (P)

A kind of facilitated diffusion where ions are transported through a channel

Carrier-mediated diffusion (P)

A kind of facilitated diffusion where small polar molecules are transported by a carrier protein

Active transport

Ions or small molecules move against the concentration gradient

Vesicular transport

Active transport that involves a vesicle

Primary active transport

The type of active transport where the main energy source of movement is ATP

Secondary active transport

The kind of active transport where the main energy source of movement comes from the movement of another substance

Exocytosis

Vesicular contents are released from a cell (vesicular transport)

Endocytosis

Material is brought into the cell as a vesicle is formed (vesicular transport)

Symport

The type of transporter through which two substances move in the same direction (secondary active transport)

Antiport

Two substances move in opposite directions (secondary active transport)

Phagocytosis

Cellular “eating” (endocytosis)

Pinocytosis

Cellular “drinking” (endocytosis)

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Endocytosis that requires the use of a receptor

Epithelial Transport

Paracellular Transport

Molecules move through junctions between adjacent cells

Epithelial Transport

Transcellular transport

Molecules move through cells themselves via transcytosis with vesicular transport

Juxtacrine, Paracrine, Autocrine, Gap junctions

Types of short-range cell signaling

Synaptic, Endocrine

Types of long-range cell signaling

Juxtacrine Signaling

Contact-dependent cell signaling where a signaling cell sends a membrane-bound signal molecule over a very short distance.

Paracrine Signaling

Short-range cell signaling where a signaling cell sends a local mediator to multiple target cells

Autocrine Signaling

Short-range cell signaling where a cell sends a signal to itself.

Gap Junction

Used for short-range cell signaling; cells attach to one another and send molecules or electrical signals through this