Cerebellar and Brainstem and cranial n. and peripheral n. Disease... oh my

cerebellar hypoplasia, cerebellar abiotrophy, hereditary hypermetria, storage diseases (sometimes)

What are some diseases that affect the cerebellum.

BVDV, Bluetongue

What two things are linked with cerebellar hypoplasia in cattle?

110 to 180 days mid gestation

Calves will get cerebellar or CNS lesions if their mother is infected with BVDV WHEN?

hereditary hypermetria

What disease should you think of when animals are born with, or quickly develop cerebellar signs after birth?

true

true/false: in utero, if something disrupts the formation of nervous tissue, it's gone for life.

germinal cells/perkinje cells

What cells does BVDV infect in utero that leads to CNS and cerebellar signs?

mentation, appetite, strength, proprioception

Weird backwards question:

What are some things that are still NORMAL in a calf that is born with cerebellar hypoplasia?

Ataxia, hypermetria, head tilt, nystagmus, altered tone, absent menace

Okay, now what are the ABNORMAL signs in a calf with cerebellar hypoplasia?

grass staggers

______________: another cause of cerebellar signs, stems from toxins associated with eating contaminated forage.

false; grass tetany is from hypomagnesium, he was pretty adamant they are NOT the same.

true/false: grass staggers is another name for grass tetany

Claviceps fungi (C. toxicus, C. paspali, C. cynodontis)

Which toxin do most grass staggers cases come from?

(I dont think he wanted us to memorize the chart with all the types of grass and toxins, but If you want to here's your warning that it exists)

trembling, stiffened gait, hypermetria, excitement

what are 3 clinical signs of grass staggers?

And these signs WORSEN with ____________________>

removal from pasture

What can be done to treat grass staggers?

Test grass/seeds, mow seed heads, raking, burning/spraying/reseeding

What can be done to prevent grass staggers

yes, weeks to months

Do cattle recover from grass staggers?

If so, how long does it take?

listeriosis, otitis media/interna, ear mite infestations, horners syndrome

What are some diseases in cattle that affect the brainstem?

Cranial nerve disorders, mentation MIIIGHT be affected

What are some clinical signs associated with brainstem disorders?

Listeria monocytogenes

Which bacteria is a linked to growth in cold temperatures and only needing a very small number of bacteria to cause infection?

Abortion, sepsis, neuro

Listeriosis causes __________ and __________ in humans but mainly just _________ in cows

Because it causes unilateral brainstem microabscessation

Why does listeriosis cause neuro disease in cows? (what is the mechanism of the disease)

False; it is a disease of individuals typically, outbreaks are rare

True/false: Listeriosis is often diagnosed after large outbreaks in a herd signal an underlying issue

Feces

Healthy carriers of listeria shed the bacteria how?

Rotting vegetation

Listeria grows where? (typically)

Oral mucosa, cranial nerve, brainstem

Listeriosis begins with an abrasion of _________, then entry of the bacteria and travel through the ___________, then migration to the ________ where it causes microabscessation

initial fever, then dullness, depression, cranial nerve signs

What are the clinical signs of listeriosis?

V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XII

Which cranial nerves will you see abnormal signs from in cases of listeriosis?

unilateral

re the cranial nerve signs that acompany listeria typically bilateral or unilateral?

facial hypalgesia, dropped jaw, dysphagia

What are the specific CN V clinical signs with listeriosis?

drooped ears/lips/eyelids, nasal deviation, absent menace

What are some clinical signs of listeriosis that come specifically from CN VII

circling, head tilt, nystagmus, general loss of balance

What are the specific CN VIII clinical signs with listeriosis?

pharyngeal paresis, dysphagia, LOSS OF SALIVA

What are the specific CN IX and X clinical signs with listeriosis?

dehydration and loss of phosphorus and bicarbonate leads to acid rumen

Why is the loss of saliva such a big deal for cows?

unilateral tongue paresis, dysphagia

What are the specific CN XII clinical signs with listeriosis?

CSF with mononuclear pleocytosis and mildly elevated protein, and/or culture of microabcesses in brainstem and immunohistochemistry

What is the OFFICIAL diagnosis for listeriosis? (First one is the MAIN one and then two more diagnostics also)

clinical signs and response to treatment

Practically speaking though... how do you diagnosis listeriosis?

fluids, bicarb (for acidosis), antibiotics, good footing/environments

What is the general treatment for listeriosis?

procaine penicillin G, Potassium penicillin, Oxytetracycline, Florfenicol

What is the traditional first choice antibiotic for listeriosis?

Several may be effective though so give me three more antibiotics to use

otitis media

_____________: inflammation of the middle ear

myoplasma bovis

What bacteria is most commonly associated with otitis media in dairy calves?

histophilus somni, pasteurella multocida, mannheimia hemolytica

Which bacteria are associated with otitis media in feedlot steers?

true

true/false: Often there are no outside signs of an ear infection with otitis media, but once those signs appear it is very difficult to treat

respiratory disease, feeding waste milk

Otitis media is typically associated with ____________________ and/or _________________

spinal lymphosarcoma, vertebral osteomyelitis, trauma, spastic paresis/paralysis, botulism, tetanus, aberrant parasite migration

What are some diseases affecting the spinal cord?

(there are 7... don't worry too much, this is mostly to signal a transition in topics for the quizlet)

extradural and lumbosacral

Where are spinal lymphosarcomas typically located?

BLV

what infection is a spinal lymphosarcoma typically associated with?

hindlimb paresis to paralysis (dog sit)

What is the main clinical sign of spinal lymphosarcoma

Spastic paresis/Elso Heel

What is the name of the spinal disease that comes from an autosomal recessive trait and causes marked asymmetric spasticity and hypermetria of the hindlimbs

spasticity, hypermetria, gastrocnemius, tibial

spastic paresis/elso heel causes a marked asymmetric _______ and ________ in which legs?

AND a progressive CONTRACTION of which muscle?

This is because control of the __________ nerve is gone and causes the legs to stay straight.

euthanasia (surgery possible but...)

What is the best treatment for spastic paralysis/Elso heel?

barn cramps/spastic syndrome

inherited periodic spasticity or ____________________ is an autosomal recessive trait that causes episodes where the legs are held in rigid extension.

dairy, older (3-7 years)

Inherited periodic spasticity is mainly seen in ______ breed cows and [older/younger] animals

clostridium tetani, individuals, no

Tetanus is caused by ________ and usually affects [whole herds/individuals]

Is the vaccine recommended in cattle?

2-4 weeks

How long after inoculation do tetanus signs occur?

vague stiffness, lameness, mild bloat, elevated tail, lips retracted, sawhorse stance, lockjaw

The first signsof tetanus are )________ and __________ which progress into other more intense signs like: (5 other things)

inhibitor neurons in the spinal cord stop working

Why does every muscle in the body start to contract when an animal has tetanus? (general)

puncture wounds, band castration, metritis

What typically causes a clostridium tetani infection to proliferate?

tetanolysin, tetanospasmin

What are the two types of clostridium tetani endotoxins

presynaptic, motor, spinal cord, renshaw, GABA

We didnt get a mechanism of action for tetanolysin but tetanospasmin acts on __________ part of the _______ end plates that provide retrograde axonal support to the ____________. The toxin affects ______ cells and inhibits the release of ___________.

muscle relaxation, eliminate infection, neutralize unbound toxin, hydrate,

What are some of the parts of a treatment plan for tetanus?

7 days

Whatever tetanus toxin is already in the spinal cord CANNOT be reached by antibiotics. So you've gotta wait it out.

It takes how long to leave the system?

abscesses, bone, microfractures, remodeling

Vertebral body osteomyelitis causes spinal _________, hematogenous infection of _________, sequestrum, and bone ________ and __________

grain

vertebral body osteomyelitis is found in animals that are on lots of __________

true

true/false: you cannot tell what vertebral body osteomyelitis is clinically, and it would require lots of further testing and then long term antibiotics

femoral, radial, sciatic (tibial/peroneal), obturator, suprascapular

There are also diseases that affect peripheral nerves... list some of the nerves they might affect:

(again... mostly to show a transition in topics lmao)

young, dystocia (fetus locked at the hips)

femoral nerve damage is more common in [young/old] cows and is commonly associated with _______

femoral shaft fracture, slipped capital epiphysis

what are some differential diagnostics for femoral nerve damage?

trauma lateral aspect of the elbow

Radial nerve damage is often due to what? Specifically where?

low

there is both low and high radial nerve paralysis, which one is associated with "walking on the dorsum of the fetlock"

high

there is both low and high radial nerve paralysis, which one is associated with "dropped elbow, failure of limb retraction, unable to bear weight"

hip, stifle, lower hindlimb

The sciatic nerve innervates the extensors of the _______, the flexors of the _______ and most of the muscles of the _________.

dystocia/calving parlysis

sciatic nerve damage occurs most commonly with _______________________

lateral condyle of the fibula, slipping on bad floors, recumbent cattle

the peronal nerve is exposed where?

So damage to it is typically seen in cattle who are __________ or _________

flexion of the fetlock

The peroneal nerve is in charge of what motion?

adductors of the limb, dystocia

obturator nerve innervates what?

And damaged is associated with what?

Nursing care,Anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs and dexamethasone), Exercise

What is important for management of peripheral nerve disorders?

there is both low and high radial nerve paralysis, which one is associated with "dropped elbow, failure of limb retraction, unable to bear weight"