[RMT0 12] PRELIM: Lesson 3

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99 Terms

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Anatomical Position

  • Initial point of reference to accurately describe location and direction

  • Body is erect and facing forward, feet slightly apart and arms at the side with palms directed forward.

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Anatomic Directions

  • Anterior (Ventral)

  • Posterior (Dorsal)

  • Medial

  • Lateral

  • Proximal

  • Distal

  • Superior

  • Inferior

  • Cephalad

  • Caudad

  • Superficial

  • Deep

  • External

  • Internal

  • Parietal

  • Visceral

  • Ipsilateral

  • Contralateral

  • Palmar

  • Plantar

  • Dorsum / Dorsal

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Anterior (Ventral)

Refers to forward or front part of the body or forward part of an organ

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Posterior (Dorsal)

Refers to back part of a body or organ

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Medial

Refers to parts toward the median plane of the body

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Lateral

Refers to parts towards the side or away from the median plane of the body

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Proximal

Refers to parts nearer to the point of attachment or to a given reference point

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Distal

Refers to parts farther from the point of attachment or from a given reference point

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Superior

  • Refers to nearer the head or situated above

  • Above, in a higher position

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Inferior

  • Refers to nearer the feet or situated below

  • Below, in a lower position

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Cephalad

Refers to parts toward the head of the body

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Caudad

Refers to parts away from the head of the body or toward the lower end of the spine

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Superficial

Refers to parts near the skin or surface of the body

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Deep

Refers to parts far from the surface

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External

Refer to parts outside an organ or on the outside of the body

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Internal

Refer to parts within or on the inside of an organ.

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Parietal

Refers to the wall or lining of a body cavity

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Visceral

Refers to the covering of an organ

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Ipsilateral

Refers to a part or parts on the same side of the body

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Contralateral

Refers to a part or parts on the opposite side of the body

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Palmar

Refers to the palm of the hand

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Plantar

Refers to the sole of the foot

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Dorsum / Dorsal

Refer to the top or anterior surface of the foot, or to the back or posterior surface of the hand.

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Body Planes

  • anatomical planes that divide the body into sections

  • three main ___ are the sagittal, coronal, and transverse planes

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Sagittal Plane

longitudinal line that divides the body into right and left portion

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Coronal / Frontal Plane

longitudinal line that divides the body into anterior and posterior portion

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Horizontal / Axial Plane

horizontal line that divides the body into superior and inferior portion

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Body Cavities

  • A space created in an organism which houses organs

  • Functions:

    • Protect delicate organs

    • Allow organs to change shape and size

  • Two Main Cavity of the Body:

    • Dorsal Cavity

    • Ventral Cavity

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Dorsal Cavity

  • Cranial Cavity

  • Vertebral Cavity

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Cranial Cavity

Area within the skull and encloses the brain

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Vertebral Cavity

Encases the vertebral column and spinal cord

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Ventral Cavity

  • Thoracic Cavity

  • Abdominopelvic Cavity

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Thoracic Cavity

  • Left and right pleural cavity (lungs)

  • Contains the pericardial cavity (heart)

  • Mediastinum separates the three cavities

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Abdominopelvic Cavity

  • Subdivided into superior and inferior ___ cavity

    • Superior ___ Cavity

    • Inferior ___ Cavity

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Superior Abdominopelvic Cavity

Contains stomach, liver, spleen, kidneys, small and large intestine

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Inferior Abdominopelvic Cavity

Contains the bladder and internal reproductive organs

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Quadrants of Abdomen

  • Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

  • Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

  • Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

  • Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

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Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

Right lobe of liver, gallbladder, right kidney, portions of small and large intestines

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Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

Cecum, appendix, portions of small and large intestines, reproductive organs (right ovary in female and right spermatic cord in male), right ureter

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Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

Left lobe of liver, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen portions of small and large intestines

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Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

Most of small intestine, portion of large intestine, left ureter, reproductive organs (left ovary in female and left spermatic cord in male)

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Regions of Abdomen

  • Right Hypochondriac

  • Epigastric Region

  • Left Hypochondriac

  • Right Lumbar

  • Umbilical Region

  • Left Lumbar

  • Right Iliac

  • Hypogastric Region

  • Left Iliac

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Right Hypochondriac

Liver, Gallbladder, Right Kidney, Small Intestine

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Epigastric Region

Stomach, Liver, Pancreas, Duodenum, Spleen, Adrenal Glands

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Left Hypochondriac

Spleen, Colon, Left Kidney, Pancreas

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Right Lumbar

Gallbladder, Liver, Right Colon

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Umbilical Region

Umbilicus (navel), parts of the small intestine, Duodenum

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Left Lumbar

Descending Colon, Left Kidney

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Right Iliac

Appendix, Cecum

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Hypogastric Region

Urinary Bladder, Sigmoid Colon, Female Reproductive Organs

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Left Iliac

Descending Colon, Sigmoid Colon

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Body Positions

  • Prone

  • Supine

  • Erect

  • Recumbent

  • Dorsal Recumbent

  • Ventral Recumbent

  • Lateral Recumbent

  • Seated

  • Trendelenburg

  • Fowlers

  • Lithotomy

  • Sim’s Position

  • Knee-chest Position

  • Jackknife Position

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<p>Prone</p>

Prone

Lying on abdomen facing downward (head may be turned to one side)

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<p>Supine</p>

Supine

Lying on back

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Erect

Upright position to stand or sit

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Recumbent

Lying down in any position (prone, supine, lateral)

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<p>Dorsal Recumbent</p>

Dorsal Recumbent

Lying on back (supine)

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Ventral Recumbent

Lying face down (prone)

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Lateral Recumbent

Lying on side (right or left)

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Seated

Upright position in which the patient is sitting on a chair or stool.

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<p>Trendelenburg</p>

Trendelenburg

  • Supine position with the head tilted downward

  • Head lower than the feet

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<p>Fowlers</p>

Fowlers

Supine position with the head higher than the feet.

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<p>Lithotomy</p>

Lithotomy

A supine position with the knees and hip flexed and thighs abducted and rotated externally, supported by ankle supports.

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<p>Sim’s Position</p>

Sim’s Position

A recumbent position with the patient lying on the left anterior side (semiprone) with the left leg extended and the right knee and thigh partially flexed.

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<p>Knee-chest Position</p>

Knee-chest Position

Position where the knees are as closes as possible to the chest

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Jackknife Position

On back with shoulder elevated, legs flexed and thighs at right angles to the abdomen

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cephal/o

head

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cervic/o

neck

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thorac/o

chest, thorax

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-tomy

incision

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abdomin/o

abdomen

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celi/o

abdomen

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centesis

puncture

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lapar/o

abdominal wall

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lumb/o

Lumbar region, lower back

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periton, peritone/o

peritoneum

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acro

extremity, end

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brachi/o

arm

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dactyl/o

finger, toe

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ped/o

foot

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pod/o

foot

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circum-

Around

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peri-

around

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orbit

eye socket

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intra-

in, within

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vascul/o

vessel

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epi-

on, over

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extra-

outside

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infra-

below

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scapula

shoulder blade

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sub-

below, under

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lingu/o

tongue

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inter-

between

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cost/o

ribs

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juxta-

near, beside

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para-

near, beside

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retro-

behind, backward

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supra-

above

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patella

kneecap