skeletal system

axial skeleton

skull, vetebrae, rib care, and hyoid bone

appendicular skeleton

upper and lower extremity, pelvic girdle, clavicle, scapular

regions to know in the veterbral column

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx

7 vetebrate

cervical

12 vetebrae

thoracic

5 vetebrae

lumbar

sternum

12 ribs in total that are articulate with the vetebral column

sternum made up of 3 parts

manubrium, body and xiphoid process

functions of the skeletal system

• support

• protection

• movement

• storage

• hematopoiesis

skeletal system: support

what is going to be attached? the muscles

skeletal system: protection

protect vital organs

skeletal system: movement

skeletal muscles attach to bones via tendons and pull on them to move the body and maintain stability,

skeletal system: storage

calcium and fat

skeletal system: hematopoiesis

blood cell formation

types of bones

compact and spongy

compact

dense and homogenous

spongy

composed of small, needlelike pieces

shape of bones

long, short, flat and irregular

short bone shape

wrist and ankles

flat bone shape

skull and ribs

irregular bone shape

hyoid

long bone shape

arms, legs, and what attaches them

structure of long bone

• diaphysis

• epiphysis

• epiphyseal line

• medullary cavity

• endosteum

diaphysis

shaft that is composed of compact bone. Covered by fibrous connective tissue membrane called periosteum

epiphysis

the ends on the bone. It is a thin layer of compact bone enclosed by an area of spongy bone.

epiphyseal line

line of boney tissue near epiphysis. It is the remains of the epiphyseal plate (which is made of cartialague)

periosteum

a tough fibrous membrane

what is cartilage

tissue

medullary cavity

The hollow space within the diaphysis (shaft). Filled with red bone marrow in children and yellow bone marrow (with some red) in adults. Bone marrow is just fat that is called adipose tissue

endosteum

inside, it’s the lines of the medullary cavity. Periosteum is around the cavity

articular cartilage

the cartilage that is on the ends of the bone

formation and growth

calcification, ossification, osteocytes

calcification

deposition of calcium

osstification

bone formation involving 2 stages.

• 1) hyaline cartilage gets completely covered in osteoblast cell

• 2) cartilage is broken down and an opening forms

osteoblasts

deposit calcium back into the bone (bone forming cells)

formation/ growth bone remodling

bones are constantly being remodled in response tocalcium levels and gravity

how does gravity affect bone remodling

the more downward pressure put on bones the more bone remodling. weight barring activities that put stress (weight) on the bones cause stronger/ denser bones by increasing deposition of calcium into bones

blood calcium levels drop

osteoclasts break down bone and release calcium into the blood

blood calcium levels increase

osteoblasts deposit calcium into bone

osteoclast

break down bone

in terms of bone remodling how do osteoclas and oseteoblast work

they work at the same rate for remodling. a higher osetoclast rate is bad because more breaking down of bone can lead to osteoporosis

osteoporosis

bones become fragile because of decreased density

causes of osteoporosis

• calcium deficiency

• hormonal changes (estrogen)

• vitamin d deficiency

• lifestyle factors

causes: hormonal changes (estrogen)

a decrease in estrogen increases osteoclast activity

causes: vitamin d deficiency

vitamin d is needed to absorb calcium into your diets

causes: lifestyle factors

• inactivity

• certain medication

• smoking

rickets

rare disease in which the bones fail to calcify

causes of rickets

lack of vitamin d

result of rickets

legs can’t hold the pressure, weight barring that the legs can’t support

arthritis

joing inflammation

arthritis symptoms

pain, stiffness and joint swelling

types of arthritis 

osteoarthritis (OA), gout, rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

osteoarthritis

• one joint/ one part of joint

• chronic (over long period of time frame)

• degenerative (something in the joint is being broken)

causes of osteoarthritis

wear and tear over many years

x-ray findings of osteoarthritis

• bone spurs: growing extra bone because body is unsteady - wear and tear, inflammation, or injury - body attempt to stabilize an unsteady or damaged joint by adding bone

• decreased joint space

rheumatoid arthritis

• chronic

• inflammatory 

causes of rheumatoid arthritis

autoimmune (immune system attempts to destroy its own tissue - in this case its the joint tissue)

x-ray findings of rheumatoid arthritis

• symmetric (bilateral: present on both sides)   

• decreased joint space

• bone erosion

• soft tissue swelling

gouty arthritis (gout)

• deposition of uric acid crystal in joint spaces

• chronic

causes of gouty arthritis

too much uric acid in blood settle in joint space caused by

• red meat

• organ food

• beer

x-ray findings of gouty arthritis

• Typically effects one joint

• inflammatory

hyoid location

anterior neck, inferior to mandible

hyoid

• distantly articulated with other bones by muscles and ligaments

purpose of hyoid

• aids in tongue movement with neck by providing attachments to muscles on floor of mouth

sella turcica

a boney cup that is perfectly shappe and the pituitary gland sits inside

acl location

• anterior cruciate ligament

• anterior tibia to posterior femur

acl function

resist anterior translation of the tibia (in relation to the femur)

pcl location

• posterior cruciate ligament

• posterior tibia to the anterior gemur

pcl function

resist posterior translation of the tibia (in relation to the femur)

medial collateral ligament location

medial aspect of femur to medial aspect of tibia

medial collateral ligament function

resist against valgus stress

lateral collateral ligament location

lateral aspect of femur to lateral aspect of fibula

lateral collateral ligament function

resist against varus stress

medial meniscus/ lateral meniscus

thick band of cartilage located between the femur and tibia