AP Psychology Final

Social Psychology

How we think of other people in society.

attribution theory

I didn't do my school work because of my situation/disposition

fundamental attribution theory

im failed because I am stupid, not because I was super busy.

cognitive dissonance

I want to be healthy, but I don't exercise or eat healthy constantly.

conformity

when everyone in the class says one answer, but you did not have that answer, so you go along with the class anyway.

social facilitation

when people I know are watching me, I tend to perform better.

social loafing

I don't need to try as much in this group presentation because everyone else in the group can do it.

Deindividuation

loss of sense of self. If I was in a mosh pit, I would be jumping up and down throwing my hands up, but I would never do that if I was not in a crowd/mosh pit.

group polarization

when you have a debate in class and a lot of people have stronger political views on a specific topic and everyone has a different opinion.

groupthink

wanting to all come to an agreement instead of actually stating their alternatives/beliefs.

norm

saying thank you after someone does something for you, like holding the door.

in-group

people that are like us

out-group

a group that I would not identify myself with.

in-group bias

I am biased towards my own group

scapegoat theory

when you have an argument with your mother and take it out on your father when he did nothing.

other-race effect

the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races

frustration-aggression principle

when you get super frustrated with someone and act out in aggression

mere exposure effect

when drakes album sounded trash, but after hearing it all over tik tok and the radio, it becomes kinda good.

passionate love

not real love. what you think is love, but it does not last. Beginning of relationships.

companionate love

real love. our lives are intertwined.

equity

what you receive from a relationship compared to what you give to it.

self-disclosure

revealing deep and vulnerable things about yourself to someone else.

altruism

helping an old lady walk across the street, when it has no gain for you.

bystander effect

might not assume an emergency is one because no one else is doing anything.

social exchange theory

asking someone out on a date and they say yes. you are likely to ask them out on a second date or ask someone else out on a date.

reciprocity norm

when a stranger holds the door for us, we thank them.

social-responsibility norm

try to help someone that needs assistance, even when not expecting anything in return.

social trap

not studying for a test lead to long-term effects. Like not passing school and not able to go to college.

self-fulfilling prophecy

thinking I am going to fail the test and then I fail the test. Thinking I will do great on the test and do great.

central route persuasion

having actual evidence for why you should purchase this product.

peripheral route persuasion

Having LeBron James advertise a pair of shoes

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

asking my mom for $5 and she said yes. Then asking her later for $100 dollars because she is more likely to say yes.

role

i am the editor in our group project

normative social influence

when your friends drink and you feel pressured into drinking because they are.

informational social influence

when you land at an airport that you haven't been to and just follow everyone else because you don't know what you are doing.

prejudice

thinking a women belongs in a kitchen and then when they apply for a job you only give them the position that involves being in the kitchen.

stereotype

girls cry all the time and are emotional.

discrimination

no hiring women that want to start a family at this job.

just-world phenomenon

when a victim was raped, they are blamed for it happening. they deserved what they got and they are the reason it happened.

superordinate goals

having a superordinate goal of being healthy and the people that are on opposing sides come together and realize that exercising and having an nutritious diet will help achieve the goal.

actor-observer bias

when your car slides on ice you blame it on the weather or external factors, but then when someone does it you blame it on them being bad drivers and internal factors.

false consensus effect

holding a sign around because you think everyone else will do it and then no one does it.

confirmation bias

finding evidence that damon is the better guy for elena and ignoring all the viewpoints and evidence of stefan being the better guy because of my beliefs.

halo effect

when someone is attractive, you start to assume they are a great person with a great personality.

door-in-the-face

when you ask your mom for $100 dollars and she says no. You then ask for $20 because it is more likely that she will give you it.

obedience

listening to my parents because they have higher authority.

social inhibition

when your crush comes to your games and you play a lot worse

diffusion of responsibility

when you see racism occur at school and you don't report it.

outgroup homogeneity effect

when italians view themselves as uniquely different, but americans view them as all similar.

ethnocentrism

we think our country is superior to any other country.

instrumental aggression

shooting a police officer in a bank robbery

hostile aggression

a bar fight with a stranger

operational definition

description of things for an operation/experiment.

validity

an intelligence test should measure intelligence and not memory.

Ivan Pavlov

classical conditioning with the dogs.

Sigmund Frued

early life experiences shaped who we are. The unconscious is the source of desires, thoughts, and memories.

reliability

if you weigh yourself during the day, you expect to see the same results.

G Stanley Hall

Founded APA, founded a psychology lab.

descriptive statistics

percentages, mean, median, mode, standard deviation

statistical significance

one chance in a thousand that this happened by coincidence.

Wundt

Father; introspection to study the mind’s structure and identify consciousness’s basic elements- sensations, feelings, and images.

nature/nurture debate

if our behavior was learned over experience or biologically.

Sigmund Freud

inventing and developing the technique of psychoanalysis.

meta analysis

provide a statistically combining the results of individual research studies to reach an overall conclusion.

inferential statistics

interpret data and draw conclusions.

psychoanalytic theory

explained mental disorders, personality, and motivation through unconscious internal conflicts.

variability

describes the spread or dispersion of scores for a set of research data or distribution.

Margaret Floy Washburn

first graduate student and first women with a PhD.

frequency polygon

Edward Titchener

 brought introspection to his Cornell University lab, analyzed consciousness into its basic elements, and investigated how they are related.

Dopamine

stimulates the hypothalamus to synthesize hormones and affects alertness and movement.

serotonin

is associated with sexual activity, concentration and attention, moods, and emotions.

albinism

light skin, hair, eyes.

Paul Broca

performed an autopsy on the brain of a patient, nicknamed Tan, who had lost the capacity to speak, although his mouth and his vocal cords weren’t damaged and he could still understand language.

Psychological dependence

they become too dependent on a drug and the effects of it.

EEGs (electroencephalograms)

can be recorded with electrodes on the surface of the skull.

PET (positron emission tomography)

produces color computer graphics that depend on the amount of metabolic activity in the imagined brain region.

pons

bursts of action potentials to the forebrain, which is activation.

cyton

contains cytoplasm and the nucleus, which directs synthesis of such substances as neurotransmitters.

Glutamate

a major excitatory neurotransmitter involved in information processing throughout the cortex and especially memory formation in the hippocampus.

Psychoactive drugs

are chemicals that can pass through the blood- brain barrier into the brain to alter perception, thinking, behavior, and mood, producing a wide range of effects from mild relaxation or increased alertness to vivid hallucinations.

glial cells

guide the growth of developing neurons, help provide nutrition for and get rid of wastes of neurons, and form an insulating sheath around neurons that speeds conduction.

Functional MRI

shows the brain at work at higher resolution than the PET scanner

Circadian Rhythm

natural, internal process that regulates the sleep-wake cycle and repeats roughly every 24 hours.

Tay Sachs Syndrome

produces progressive loss of neuron function and death in a baby.

Sigmund Frued

tried to analyze dreams to uncover the unconscious desires (many of them sexual) and fears disguised in dreams.

Stimulants

are psychoactive drugs that activate motivational centers and reduce activity in inhibitory centers of the central nervous system by increasing activity of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine neurotransmitter systems.(Caffeine)

unconsciousness

is characterized by loss of responsiveness to the environment, resulting from disease, trauma, or anesthesia.

Cerebral Cortex center

 for higher- order processes such as thinking, planning, judgment; receives and processes sensory information and directs movement.

endocrine system

consists of glands that secrete chemical messengers called hormones into your blood.

Hypothalamus

portion of the brain that acts as endocrine gland and produces hormones that stimulate releasing factors or inhibit secretion of hormones by the pituitary.

GABA

inhibits firing of the neuron.

Lucid Dreaming

the ability to be aware of and direct ones dreams, has been used to help people make recurrent nightmares less frightening.

dissociation theory

hypnotized individuals experience two or more streams of consciousness cut off from each other.

Antagonist

block a receptor site, inhibiting the effect of the neurotransmitter or agonist.

endocrine

glands include the pineal gland, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland in your brain; the thyroid and parathyroids in your neck; the adrenal glands atop your kidneys; pancreas near your stomach; and either testes or ovaries.

heritability

is the proportion of variation among individuals in a population that is due to genetic causes.

agonists

may mimic a neurotransmitter and bind to its receptor site to produce the effect of the neurotransmitter.

narcotics

pain reducers work by depressing the nervous system.

preconscious

level of consciousness that is outside of awareness but contains feelings and memories that you can easily bring into conscious awareness.