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Memorizing a T. S. Eliot poem for class is an example of what type of memory?
explicit
A top-down process that recognizes objects without being deceived by changes in color, brightness, shape, or size
Perceptual Constancy
convergent thinking
1 correct answer, you get all the facts and then connect it to the bigger picture. Like taking a multiple choice test, looking at all the answers and picking the best one
Divergent thinking
Brainstorming lots of ideas and solutions. thinking outside the box
creativity
the ability to produce valuable ideas
executive function
The brain’s management system. Helps with planning focusing, remembering instructions, and multi-tasking
sunk cost fallacy
“well I paid for this bad coffee so I might as well drink it”, “I spent money so I’ll suffer through it”
Gamblers Fallacy
The belief that past random events affect future ones. For example, thinking a coin is due for heads after several tails
framing
How stuff is presented influences what it is and how we do it. Ex: “ this is 100% fat free” so I wanna buy it
priming
Exposure to one stimulus influences the response to another stimulus. ex; you see fresh flowers outside a store you’ll think they’re fresh things inside.
Predictive validity
how well a test or measure predicts future outcomes. Ex: if you get all A’s on your tests you should get a 5 on your AP tests
reliability
the consistency of a research study or measuring test.the same results are obtained repeatedly under the same conditions,
Mental Age
comparing brain development to others. If youre 10 yrs old but think like an 8 year old your mental age is 8. It’s often used in IQ tests. Kinda like your reading level. It can be lower or higher than your grade
Test retest reliability
When you take the same test more than once and get similar results each time. It shows that the test is consistent and reliable over time. Actual learning takes place, no cramming
Multiplle intelligence
Some people are better at different things like sports, math, English, and drawing. People have diff kinds of intelligence’s not just one overall ability. Someone could be great at reading music (musical intelligence) but not get at math (mathematical intelligence)
metacognition
Thinking about your own thinking. So you think about what works for your brain and what doesn’t. Solving problems and then adjusting what works for you
testing effect
Like when you study and then take a quiz on what you learned and it helps you remember it better than just reading it again. Tests boost your memory
functional fixedness
when you can only see an objects traditional use and cant think of other ways to use it. Mental block that limits creativity
availability heuristic
If there’s a recent plane crash your more scared to fly than you would be if there wasnt a crash
representativeness heuristic
when you see someone wearing something and then you make assumptions about them. Ex; when you see a guy in a suit with a briefcase you think he’s a business man
accomodation
when you learn about something and put it into a category in your mind. or if you find out new information you’ll change somethings around. like if you have a box of toys and you think all the toys are cars but then someone gives you a toy that’s a dinosaur in the car box, u cant just shove it in the car box. So you make a new box for dinosaurs
assimilation
when you take new info and fit it into what you already know without changing existing ideas. Of you know about dogs and you learn about a new breed of dog, you just add that new breed to your existing knowledge of dogs since there already a dog category
validity
a test or experiment that measures what it’s intended to measure
construct validity
Specifically checks if the test accurately measures the theoretical concept it’s intended to measure
Intelligence quotient
a measure of aptitude, compares to teens your age
mental set
a tendency to approach problems using a mindset that has worked in the past. It can make solving new problems harder because your stuck using old strategies that might not be effective for the current situation
flynn effect
Learning and intelligence becomes greater every generation(ur smarter than ur parents)
Intelligence G(general intelligence)
your general cognitive mental ability
split half reliability
if I give you half a test one day and another half the second day, the results shouldn’t be dramatically different
Stereotype threat
Is thinking that standardized tests aren’t fair and don’t favor those who have low income
stereotype lift
if your parents are wealthy you’ll do better in school since you “have it made” and have more opportunities. This mindset can affect your actual scores positively
achievement tests
what we do in school, multiple choice and it measures knowledge,skills, and facts
aptitude tests
measures your potential, predicts abilities and future performance. NOT KNOWLEDGE
fixed mindset
The belief that intelligence is pre-determined and no amount of studying will change that. “ I can’t do it”
Growth mindset
the belie that if you apply yourself you can build/grow your intelligence
prototypes
an ideal example. Best or most typical examples of a category. Like someone says think of a phone and you’ll think iphone
schemas
mental templates that help you understand new things based on what you already know. Ex; my “birthday party’ schemas includes cake, balloons, coming downstairs to the dining room decorated by my mom. helps us understand new parties by comparing them to what you already know
algorithms
step by step procedures or formulas for solving problems. precise sequence of actions
Heuristics
A rule of thumb, a reaction, educated guess immediate initial thought process.
chronological age
number of years you’ve been alive
standardization
process of making tests consistent and fair by ensuring they’re administered and scored the same way everytime, basically just our regular tests like AP test and SAT,ACT
closure
our brain fills in the gaps of stuff like if there’s a circle with missing parts our brain still registers it as a circle
cocktail party affect
you can focus on a single Convo in a loud noisy room or you can hear your name in a loud room
shape constancy
we recognize that an objects shape remains the same even if its appearance changes due to different angles or lighting
size constancy
you know something is the same size even if it looks bigger or smaller because of distance
prospective memory
remembering to do stuff in the future. ex reminders and sticky notes
implicit memory
memory you use without thinking about it like riding a bike or typing on a keyboard
echoic memory
memory that holds onto sounds for a brief period, usually a few seconds. Helps u remember what someone just said even if u weren’t paying full attention at that moment
flashbulb memory
super vivid detailed memory of a significant event like breaking up with your boyfriend
retroactive interference
new info interferes with old info
proactive info
old info gets in the way of new info
case study
deep dive into one individual or group to understand them better over a course of a long period of time
correlational research
how two variables are related without manipulating them
survey research
asking people questions to gather info about their thoughts or behaviors
experimental design
setting up controlled tests to see how changes in one variable affect another
cross selectional research
gathers data from different groups at the same time to compare them
serial position effect
u remember the first and last couples numbers of something or u remember the first and last items of a grocery list
state dependent memory
u remember better in which the outside condition u learned it in
anterograde amnesia
50 first dates CANT form new mems!
retrograde amnesia
cant remember stuff from before they accident that caused them amnesia
source amnesia
u remember the info but u can’t remember where or when u learned it. Like I know water bottles hold water but I didn’t know when I learned that
primacy effect
tendency to remember the first items in a list rather than those in the middle of end
recency effect
u remember things at the end of a list since u recently read those rather than at the beginning or middle
structural processing
look at each words appearance
phonemic processing
think about each words rhyming words
semantic processing
think about each words meaning and connect it to past memories
inattentional blindness
u don’t notice something right in front of you bc ur focused on something else
selective attention
focus on one thing and ignore everything else around you. Like tuning out background noise to listen to your favorite song
change blindness
you don’t notice when something changed because ur attention is elsewhere
standard deviation
measure that tells you how spread out the numbers are in a set of data. If it’s low than the numbers are close to the average. if it’s high the numbers are more spread out
anchoring bias
u rely too much on the first piece of info u get. U see a shirt for 100$ but then see a shirt for 50$ and think it’s a great deal when it’s literally overpriced
binocular depth cues
depth cues like retinal disparity that relies on the use of two eyes
retinal disparity
the difference in images between you right and left eyes. helps u judge depth
convergence
u perceive depth by looking inward
episodic memory
the collection of past and personal experiences that occurred at a specific time and place
procedural memory
a type of long term memory of how to preform different actions and skills
phonological loop
the part working memory holds and processes verbal auditory info
sensory memory
immediate very brief
method of Loci
when u plan to decorate ur room a certain way in ur head
massed practice
cramming
imagination inflation
if someone tells u a false memory of an event your more likely to be like no yeah that definitely happened
Figure and ground
when u look and a picture and your brain picks out the main thing to focus on(the figure) and the rest just fades into the background(the ground)
Note 
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