Showalter unit 3 words

Memorizing a T. S. Eliot poem for class is an example of what type of memory?

explicit

A top-down process that recognizes objects without being deceived by changes in color, brightness, shape, or size

Perceptual Constancy

convergent thinking

1 correct answer, you get all the facts and then connect it to the bigger picture. Like taking a multiple choice test, looking at all the answers and picking the best one

Divergent thinking

Brainstorming lots of ideas and solutions. thinking outside the box

creativity

the ability to produce valuable ideas

executive function

The brain’s management system. Helps with planning focusing, remembering instructions, and multi-tasking

sunk cost fallacy

“well I paid for this bad coffee so I might as well drink it”, “I spent money so I’ll suffer through it”

Gamblers Fallacy

The belief that past random events affect future ones. For example, thinking a coin is due for heads after several tails

framing

How stuff is presented influences what it is and how we do it. Ex: “ this is 100% fat free” so I wanna buy it

priming

Exposure to one stimulus influences the response to another stimulus. ex; you see fresh flowers outside a store you’ll think they’re fresh things inside.

Predictive validity

how well a test or measure predicts future outcomes. Ex: if you get all A’s on your tests you should get a 5 on your AP tests

reliability

the consistency of a research study or measuring test.the same results are obtained repeatedly under the same conditions,

Mental Age

comparing brain development to others. If youre 10 yrs old but think like an 8 year old your mental age is 8. It’s often used in IQ tests. Kinda like your reading level. It can be lower or higher than your grade

Test retest reliability

When you take the same test more than once and get similar results each time. It shows that the test is consistent and reliable over time. Actual learning takes place, no cramming

Multiplle intelligence

Some people are better at different things like sports, math, English, and drawing. People have diff kinds of intelligence’s not just one overall ability. Someone could be great at reading music (musical intelligence) but not get at math (mathematical intelligence)

metacognition

Thinking about your own thinking. So you think about what works for your brain and what doesn’t. Solving problems and then adjusting what works for you

testing effect

Like when you study and then take a quiz on what you learned and it helps you remember it better than just reading it again. Tests boost your memory

functional fixedness

when you can only see an objects traditional use and cant think of other ways to use it. Mental block that limits creativity

availability heuristic

If there’s a recent plane crash your more scared to fly than you would be if there wasnt a crash

representativeness heuristic

when you see someone wearing something and then you make assumptions about them. Ex; when you see a guy in a suit with a briefcase you think he’s a business man

accomodation

when you learn about something and put it into a category in your mind. or if you find out new information you’ll change somethings around. like if you have a box of toys and you think all the toys are cars but then someone gives you a toy that’s a dinosaur in the car box, u cant just shove it in the car box. So you make a new box for dinosaurs

assimilation

when you take new info and fit it into what you already know without changing existing ideas. Of you know about dogs and you learn about a new breed of dog, you just add that new breed to your existing knowledge of dogs since there already a dog category

validity

a test or experiment that measures what it’s intended to measure

construct validity

Specifically checks if the test accurately measures the theoretical concept it’s intended to measure

Intelligence quotient

a measure of aptitude, compares to teens your age

mental set

a tendency to approach problems using a mindset that has worked in the past. It can make solving new problems harder because your stuck using old strategies that might not be effective for the current situation

flynn effect

Learning and intelligence becomes greater every generation(ur smarter than ur parents)

Intelligence G(general intelligence)

your general cognitive mental ability

split half reliability

if I give you half a test one day and another half the second day, the results shouldn’t be dramatically different

Stereotype threat

Is thinking that standardized tests aren’t fair and don’t favor those who have low income

stereotype lift

if your parents are wealthy you’ll do better in school since you “have it made” and have more opportunities. This mindset can affect your actual scores positively

achievement tests

what we do in school, multiple choice and it measures knowledge,skills, and facts

aptitude tests

measures your potential, predicts abilities and future performance. NOT KNOWLEDGE

fixed mindset

The belief that intelligence is pre-determined and no amount of studying will change that. “ I can’t do it”

Growth mindset

the belie that if you apply yourself you can build/grow your intelligence

prototypes

an ideal example. Best or most typical examples of a category. Like someone says think of a phone and you’ll think iphone

schemas

mental templates that help you understand new things based on what you already know. Ex; my “birthday party’ schemas includes cake, balloons, coming downstairs to the dining room decorated by my mom. helps us understand new parties by comparing them to what you already know

algorithms

step by step procedures or formulas for solving problems. precise sequence of actions

Heuristics

A rule of thumb, a reaction, educated guess immediate initial thought process.

chronological age

number of years you’ve been alive

standardization

process of making tests consistent and fair by ensuring they’re administered and scored the same way everytime, basically just our regular tests like AP test and SAT,ACT

closure

our brain fills in the gaps of stuff like if there’s a circle with missing parts our brain still registers it as a circle

cocktail party affect

you can focus on a single Convo in a loud noisy room or you can hear your name in a loud room

shape constancy

we recognize that an objects shape remains the same even if its appearance changes due to different angles or lighting

size constancy

you know something is the same size even if it looks bigger or smaller because of distance

prospective memory

remembering to do stuff in the future. ex reminders and sticky notes

implicit memory

memory you use without thinking about it like riding a bike or typing on a keyboard

echoic memory

memory that holds onto sounds for a brief period, usually a few seconds. Helps u remember what someone just said even if u weren’t paying full attention at that moment

flashbulb memory

super vivid detailed memory of a significant event like breaking up with your boyfriend

retroactive interference

new info interferes with old info

proactive info

old info gets in the way of new info

case study

deep dive into one individual or group to understand them better over a course of a long period of time

correlational research

how two variables are related without manipulating them

survey research

asking people questions to gather info about their thoughts or behaviors

experimental design

setting up controlled tests to see how changes in one variable affect another

cross selectional research

gathers data from different groups at the same time to compare them

serial position effect

u remember the first and last couples numbers of something or u remember the first and last items of a grocery list

state dependent memory

u remember better in which the outside condition u learned it in

anterograde amnesia

50 first dates CANT form new mems!

retrograde amnesia

cant remember stuff from before they accident that caused them amnesia

source amnesia

u remember the info but u can’t remember where or when u learned it. Like I know water bottles hold water but I didn’t know when I learned that

primacy effect

tendency to remember the first items in a list rather than those in the middle of end

recency effect

u remember things at the end of a list since u recently read those rather than at the beginning or middle

structural processing

look at each words appearance

phonemic processing

think about each words rhyming words

semantic processing

think about each words meaning and connect it to past memories

inattentional blindness

u don’t notice something right in front of you bc ur focused on something else

selective attention

focus on one thing and ignore everything else around you. Like tuning out background noise to listen to your favorite song

change blindness

you don’t notice when something changed because ur attention is elsewhere

standard deviation

measure that tells you how spread out the numbers are in a set of data. If it’s low than the numbers are close to the average. if it’s high the numbers are more spread out

anchoring bias

u rely too much on the first piece of info u get. U see a shirt for 100$ but then see a shirt for 50$ and think it’s a great deal when it’s literally overpriced

binocular depth cues

depth cues like retinal disparity that relies on the use of two eyes

retinal disparity

the difference in images between you right and left eyes. helps u judge depth

convergence

u perceive depth by looking inward

episodic memory

the collection of past and personal experiences that occurred at a specific time and place

procedural memory

a type of long term memory of how to preform different actions and skills

phonological loop

the part working memory holds and processes verbal auditory info

sensory memory

immediate very brief

method of Loci

when u plan to decorate ur room a certain way in ur head

massed practice

cramming

imagination inflation

if someone tells u a false memory of an event your more likely to be like no yeah that definitely happened

Figure and ground

when u look and a picture and your brain picks out the main thing to focus on(the figure) and the rest just fades into the background(the ground)