ANTH 176TS Final

coffin texts

popular in MK

book of going forth by day/book of the dead

allowed deceased to become immortal in afterlife

on inside of coffins

spells for deceased

adapted version of pyramid texts

corn mummy

mummy made of grain, wax, and dirt

to honor osiris

promoted renewal of crops

falcon headed

offering made during rituals

corpus hermeticum

displayed ideas of monotheism

collection of 17 greek writings

fusion of hellenistic and egyptian theological thought

core document of the hermetic tradition

written by hermes trisgestis

dahshur

one of three pyramids built by snefru (along with meydum and bent)

OK

LE

burial place of amenemhat the third

demons and gate gods

gate gods guarded the many gates of the netherworld

would only let those who knew their secret names pass

3 classes: doorkeepers, guardians, and heralds

kept unwanted people out of the netherworld

deir el bahari

MK

mebhetepre

destroyed by rockfall

sacred guards there for protection of buried kings

hatshepsuts funerary temple

dionysus-osiris

syncretism of dionysus and osiris

marc antony deified him

worshiped in temple of serapis

ptolemaic period

field of iaru and hetep

ruled by osiris

idealized version of afterlife

hetep = place where righteous souls go after death

field of reeds is eternal bliss and abundance

opening of the mouth ceremony

ceremony to revive souls to make the body active and give souls a place to reside

sem, lectors, and masked anubis priests

bull leg and goose are offered

living communicate with dead

interactions with a persons soul

osiris

married to isis

father of horus

represents deceased king

grain god

ruler of afterlife

philae

island

aswan, SE

temple dedicated to isis

ptolemaic era site

phyle

temporary priesthood

2 months at a time, rotating

assisted at different temples for short periods of time

served in mortuary cults in OK

ptah-sokar-osiris

triad

funerary god

memphis

composite deity, syncretism

ptah as a creator god, creates connection between creation and rebirth/afterlife

pyramid texts

predynastic

sung in hyms

oldest theological texts preserved from ancient egypt

religious texts, set of spells

qadeshet

comes from syria, influenced by canaanite religion

snake in one hand, lotus flowers in the other

cow horns

standing on lion

reshep

god of war and plague

called upon by pharoahs in battle

depicted as a beared man or with gazelle beard

worshiped in memphis

saqqara

step pyramids designed by imhotep

places where mummies were embalmed (wabet)

OK

pyramids of unas

necropolis for royals of memphis (OK capital)

abydos

prominent sacred city

site of royal cemetery during D1-2

tomb of djer repurposed into osiris’ tomb

cult center of osiris

akh

transfigured spirit

required spells to allow

eventually democratized and more accessible to commoners

travels to gods, between living and netherworld

magical potency

ibis hieroglyph

am duat

the netherworld/underworld/afterlife

that which is the netherworld

story of re’s repeat, nightly journey through the twelve hours of the night

religious text present in temples

individualized

netherworld books contained trials and enemies re faced

ammut

crocodile head, lion forequarters, hippo hindquarters

devourer

judges the dead and eats the heart of the unworthy

goddess of death and execution

amenirdis

gods wife of amun

kushite representative in egypt

buried at medinet habu

human figure, with arm cross over chest holding flail

deified

anat

warrior goddess introduced from near east

patron diety of ramesseid kings

sometimes equated to hathor

MK 1st introduced

anubis

jackal god

psychopomp

protector of graves (full jackal)

god of mummification (jackal headed)

apedemak

nubian god

depicted with lion head

war god

symbolizes martial power, military conquest, and an empire for the meroitic people

horapollo

wrote hieroglyphica

interpreted hieroglyphs as symbolic, not phonetic writing system

king as ‘watcher’

greek author in the hellenistic period

imhotep

designed the first pyramid/large scale monument at saqqara

D3

deified human

designed unas pyramids

patron of physicians, learning, etc

isis

wife of osiris

mother of horus

goddess of magic

part of the osirian myth of creation

ka

life force

hieroglyph is two hands

rooted to the tomb, recieves offerings,

oldest part of soul, predynastic

maintains identity by preserving associations

lector priest

hery-heb

wore sash, held scroll

recites ritual

sometimes magicians

highest rank of priest

opening of the mouth

litany of re

document which praises 75 manifestations of re

genderfluid/androgynous aspect

labeled as copy of the am duat

ancient religious book

mastaba

OK burial practice

tomb as house of dead

rectagular structure, mimicked actual house layouts

enlarged by imhotep

royal mastabas would be larger

mehen

protective deity

snake

protects re during his journey through the night

wraps around re

mehet-weret

goddess of the sky

associated with neith

name means great flood

in pyramid texts

bovine

meroe

royal nubian pyramids

3IP

connected to kurru and nuri

egyptian infleunces on nubian pyramids

montuemhet

theban official

rich and powerful mayor

rebuit city after assyrians destroyed it

D25-26

priest of amun

mummies

sah= what is left, djet = preserved body

soul resides in body, needed to provide them a place

homeopathic magic

predynastic

naga

sudan

apedemak temple

nubian influences

king and queen are both smiting enemies

natron

salt

offering used in purification rituals

bodies cleaned and packed with natron during mummification

dehydrates and preserves mummies

soap

nut

married to geb

heliopolitan ennead

mother to nepthys

stars and cosmos

milky way

re enters mouth and is reborn (during night?)

freemasonry and rosicrucians

Rosicrucians = order of the rosy cross

pulls on corpus hermeticum, sethos (terrason) and the book of thoth

deploying egyptian imagery (mysteries, initiations, hidden knowledges)

mozart was a freemason

increasing interest in egypt in 17th-18th cent

giza

pyramids of khufu, khafre, menkaure

sphinx temple

stairway to heaven imagery, ray of re, ben-ben

OK

D4

gebel barkal

sacred to kushites and egyptians

name means holy mountain

thought to be where amun resided

meroitic cemetery

great cat of re

name is mau

manifestation of red

guarded tree of life

associated with the persea treee

harpocrates

greek name for horus the child

divine infant

son of osiris and isis

born in the marshes of the delta

posthumous conception

hathor

married to horus

cow goddess

has a chapel that is used during the beautiful festival of the valley

fertility

heart scarab

placed on mummy close to the heart

popular during the NK

amulet

spell to silence the heart during the final judgement

hermes trismegistis

wrote corpus hermeticum

name associating himself with hermes and thoth

100-300 CE

egyptian theology written like a father giving wisdom to son

apis

sacred bull in memphis

born from a virginal cow that was impregnated by ptah

fertility, strength, and resurrection

manifestation of ptah

artemidorus

mummy from hawara

cartonage

2nd century CE

blends egyptian and roman elements

aspect and manifestation

aspect = role of god

manifestation = appearance of god in relation to aspect

polyvalence/fuzzy logice

re has 75 manifestions (litany of re)

ba

morality and mobility

MK onward

moral code, judged in afterlife

have to return to body at night

portrayed as human faced bird

beni hassan

city with tomb art depicting daily life

cemetery for elites (nomarchs)

MK burial practices

temple to pakhet

pyramid texts in hieratic

book of the day and night

funerary texts

in tombs

suns journey through the day through body of nut

book of earth, night and day

ramses the 4th

under body of nut are the deities of the netherworld (night)

book of the dead

common in tombs, books, and the wrapping of mummies

helped the dead find their way into and through the afterlife

book of going forth by day

weighing of the heart

canopic jars

4 jars that held the organs of the deceased

jars have animals heads (sons of horus): baboon, falcon, human, jackal

jars held lungs, intestines, stomach, liver

held what they wanted to preserve

sem priest

panther/leopard skin

funerary rituals

opening of the mouth ceremony

3rd level of priesthood

serapis

looks a bit like jesus

healing and fertility

worshiped in rome

temple called serapeum

ruler of underworld

setna khamwas

fourth son of ramses 2

high priest of ptah

during the late period there was a series of tales starring him

egypts first egyptologist

inspiration for future novels and movies

snefru

OK

ba’alat was popular during his rule

participated in cedar wood trade with lebanon

hellenized name is soris

sons of horus

on canopic jars

imsety (human)= liver

qebhesneuf (falcon) = intestines

hapy (baboon) = lungs

duamutef (stomach) = jackal

taharqa

temple

690 BC

D25

kushite dynasty

tanis

capital of egyptian kingdom during D21-22

libyan pharaoh

only intact tombs of Pharaohs with gold

completely intact tombs

unas

last pharaoh of D5

pyramid (smallest of OK)

funerary cult that lasts for a while

pyramids at saqqara

ushabti/shawabti

stone statue that is your personal worker in the field of reeds

popular in MK
in tombs

more wealth = more ushabti

canopis

hellenistic/roman/egyptian osiris in the form of a canopic jar

depiction in the palace of cleopatra in alexandria

picked up by freemasonry

isis holding canopis