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genetic variation
increases the chance that some individuals will survive
gene pool
genetic variation stored in a population
allele frequency (gene frequency)
each allele existing at a certain frequency
2 sources of genetic variation
Mutation - random change in organism’s DNA - form new traits, mutations in reproductive cells passed on, increase of genetic variation in gene pool
Recombination - new allele combination show up in offspring - most happens during meiosis
microevolution
observable change in allele frequency of a population over time
directional selection
causes a shift in populations phenotypic distribution - extreme phenotype that once was rare is now more common
stabilizing selection
the intermediate phenotype is favored and becomes more common - decreases genetic diversity - extreme phenotypes may be lost
disruptive selection
both extremes are favored and intermediate one selected against - intermediate forms selected against
gene flow
movement of alleles between populations - increases genetic variation - less can create genetically different populations and increases the chance that two populations will evolve into different species
genetic drift
change of allele frequencies due to chance - decreases genetic variations
bottleneck effect
genetic drift that occurs after an event
Founder effect
genetic drift that occurs after a small number of individuals colonize a new area
sexual selection
certain traits increases mating success - can promote and maintain novel genetic variation among individuals
Hardy - Weinberg equations
p² + 2pq + q² = 1
p + q = 1
what conditions must be met for a population to be in a Hardy Weinberg equilibrium
-large populations
-no emigration/immigration (no gene flow)
-no mutations (no new alleles added to the gene pool)
-random mating (no sexual selection)
-no natural selection (all traits must equally aid in survival)
what does it mean to be the same species
if they can breed together to produce offspring
speciation
the rise of 2 or more species from one existing species due to reproductive isolation
reproductive isolation
when members of same populations can no longer mate successfully with one another (they are then considered 2 different species)
Behavioral isolation
differences in courtship or mating behavior
Geographic isolation
involves physical barriers that divide populations
Temporal isolation
timing prevents reproduction between populations
convergent evolution
evolution towards similar characteristics in unrelated species
divergent evolution
related species evolve in different directions and become increasingly different
coevolution
two or more species evolve in response to changes in each other when both are benefiting
extinction
elimination of a species from earth
punctuated equilibrium
burst of evolutionary activity
adaptive radiation
diversification of one ancestral species into many descendant species