14 - Agents for Respiratory Disease

antibiogram

compilation of culture results and antibiotics at different institutions

otitis media

inflammation of the middle ear

• common in infants and kids 6-18 months’ old, males, Native Americans, and Inuits

otitis media

• manifestations

• irritability

• lethargy

• anorexia

• fever

• vomiting

otitis media

• treatment

• symptomatic therapy and observation

• avoid exposure to irritants and other sick people

• H. influenzae type B vaccine

otitis media

• causes

• S. pneumoniae

• H. influenzae

• M. catarrhalis

• S. pyogenes/aureus

• viruses

otitis media

• pharmacological treatment

• antibiotics

• antihistamines

• decongestants

• topical corticosteroids

• analgesics

• antipyretics

• NSAIDs

otitis media

• other treatments

• myringotomy

• tympanostomy

• ear tubes

sinusitis

inflammation of the sinuses

• can worsen asthma attacks and trigger pulmonary disease

sinusitis

• manifestations

nasal discharge and cough > 10 days after upper airway infection

sinusitis

• causes

• S. pneumoniae

• H. influenzae

• M. catarrhalis

sinusitis

• diagnosis

• sinus puncture

• transillumination

• CT scans

• x-rays

sinusitis

• treatment

• intranasal cromolyn

• antihistamines

• intranasal corticosteroids

• decongestants

pharyngitis

inflammation of the pharynx

pharyngitis

• causes

• rhinovirus

• coronavirus

• herpes simplex

• influenza

• S. pyogenes

• Arcanobacterium hemotyticum

• Mycloplasma/Chlamydia pneumoniae

pharyngitis

• diagnosis

strep test

pharyngitis

• treatment

• antibiotics

• penicillin

• erythromycin

epiglottitis

inflammation of the epiglottis

• common in kids 2-6 years old

epiglottitis

• causes

H. influenzae type B

epiglottitis

• manifestations

4 D’s:

• respiratory distress

• drooling

• dysphagia

• dysphonia

epiglottitis

• treatment

• cefuroxime

• cefotaxime

• ceftriaxone

croup

type of epiglottitis caused by larynx infection

• common during late spring and fall with kids < 3 years old

croup

• manifestations

• barking cough

• inspiratory stridor

croup

• causes

• parainfluenza types I and II

• S. aureus

• H. influenzae type B

• M. catarrhalis

• Pneumococci

croup

• treatment

• humidification

• oxygenation

• epinephrine

• corticosteroids

• antibiotics

acute bronchitis

inflammation of the bronchi/bronchioles

• common in winter

bronchiolitis

bronchitis in infants

bronchitis / bronchiolitis

• triggers

• damp cold climates

• respiratory pollutants

• cigarette smoke

bronchitis / bronchiolitis

• manifestations

• headache

• malaise

• sore throat

• rhonchi

• corse crackles

• cough

• mucoprurulent sputum

infants:

• restlessness

• fever

• vomit

• diarrhea

• pink eye

• otitis media

• dehydration

bronchitis / bronchiolitis

• causes

• flu

• adenovirus

• RSV

• coronavirus

• S. pneumoniae

• M. catarrhalis

• H. influenzae

• S. aureus

bronchitis / bronchiolitis

• treatment

• analgesics

• antipyretics

• dextromethorphan

• codeine cough mixtures

• antibiotics

infants:

• aerosol β-adrenergic therapy

• ribavirin

pneumonia

inflammation of alveoli and surrounding interstitial tissue

• types:

  • community-acquired (CAP)

  • healthcare-acquired (HAP)

    • ventilator-associated (VAP)

  • aspiration (AP)

  • Pneumocystis jiroveci (PJP) (HIV complication)

  • secondary to CF

pneumonia

• causes

• S. pneumoniae

• H. influenzae

• C. pneumoniae

pneumonia

• general treatment

• ceftriaxone

• levofloxacin

• ertapenem

• vancomycin

pneumonia

• aspiration treatment

• clindamycin

• penicillin

pneumonia

• PJP treatment

• trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (IV)

• pentamidine (parenteral/aerosol)

• corticosteroids

pneumonia

• CF treatment

• aminoglycoside + penicillin/cephalosporin

• tobramycin

• gentamycin

tuberculosis

infection of the lungs and other parts of the body caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis

tuberculosis

• manifestations

• weight loss

• fever

• night sweats

• bloody sputum

tuberculosis

• diagnosis

• skin test (PPD)

• blood test

• sputum sample

• CXR

tuberculosis

• treatment

• INH (prophylactic)

• PrevenDrug

• rifampin

• pyrazinamide

• ethambutol

• streptomycin

chemical terrorism

• chlorine, phosgene manifestations

• laryngospasm

• pulmonary edema

chemical terrorism

• cyanide manifestations

histotoxic hypoxia

chemical terrorism

• anthrax treatment

ciprofloxacin (prophylactic)

chemical terrorism

• plague treatment

• streptomycin

• gentamycin

• doxycycline

• ciprofloxacin