APUSH: final/sem 2 exam: 11th

The New South

* term was coined after the Civil War


* South industrializes, but still is mainly dependent on agriculture


* no slavery, but there is still "white rule."
* Jim Crow laws → segregation
* Tenant farming, share-cropping, and crop-lien system replaced slavery

Sharecropping

* system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops
* had to rent through crop lien system
* cycle of debt occurred and black people were once again stuck in a form of slavery
* landless whites also affected

Tenant Farming

* system of farming in which a person rents land to farm from a planter

How were African Americans blocked from voting

* "Grandfather Clauses" were laws that limited the rights of African Americans from voting
* poll taxes
* literary tests
* having to own property
* KKK threatened black people at the polls

Who were the three Progressive presidents

Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Woodrow Wilson

Theodore Roosevelt

* 26th president
* known for:
* conservationism
* trust-busting
* Hepburn Act (business regulation)
* safe food regulations (Meat Inspection Act; Pure Food and Drug Act)
* Labor Relations: "Square Deal,"
* Panama Canal

Square Deal

* Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers

William Howard Taft

* (1908-1912)
* endorsed by Roosevelt because he pledged to carry on PROGRESSIVE program, then he
* didn't appoint any Progressives to the Cabinet
* actively pursued anti-trust law suits
* believed all monopolies were bad.
* Children's Bureau: protect against child labor
* appoints Richard Ballinger as Secretary of the Interior, Ballinger OPPOSED CONSERVATION AND FAVORED BUSINESS
* Taft fires Gifford Pinchot (head of U.S. forestry)
* ran for re-election in 1912 but lost to Wilson

Woodrow Wilson

* New Freedom
* more antitrust action, lower tariffs, and financial reforms
* Clayton Anti-Trust Act
* Federal Trade Commission Act
* Volstead Act
* Federal Reserve Act

Progressive Era

* time at the turn of the 20th century in which groups sought to reform America economically, socially, and politically
* Progressives sought to USE GOV influence to SOLVE SOCIETAL PROBLEMS

16th Amendment

* allows the federal government to collect income tax

17th Amendment

* established the direct election of senators (instead of being chosen by state legislatures)

18th Amendment

* prohibition of alcohol
* only amendment to ever be repealed

19th Amendment

* gave women the right to vote

What was the biggest single issue of the Progressive Era

monopolies and trusts

Monopolies and Trusts

* business organizations in which a small group of managers control many companies
* other companies are unable to compete
* one company is dominant

Sherman Antitrust Act

* First federal action against monopolies
* signed into law by Harrison
* extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting
* initially MISUSED against labor unions because it stated that restraining trade was illegal (hard to implement regulation)

Meat Inspection Act

* 1906
* Laid down binding rules for sanitary meat packing and government inspection of meat products crossing state lines.

The Jungle

* 1906 work by Upton Sinclair
* pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry
* book led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act.

Food and Drug Aministration (FDA)

* federal agency responsible for the regulation and enforcement of drug evaluation and distribution policies
* progressive reform

Clayton Antitrust Act

* law that weakened monopolies and upheld the rights of unions and farm organizations
* Woodrow Wilson

Federal Reserve Act

* 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply.
* banks pay interest to the Federal Reserve from the loans that they give the bank

Volstead Act

* act that specified that "no person shall manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, furnish or possess any intoxicating liquor except as authorized by this act."
* It did not specifically prohibit the purchase or use of intoxicating liquors

14 Points

* Woodrow Wilson's peace plan
* died and couldn’t support it and get it implemented
* easy on the Germans' punishment for war
* Points included:
* people all over the world are to determine their own fate, (self-determination)
* no colonial powers grabbing nations
* free trade
* no secret pacts
* freedom of the seas
* arms reduction
* creation of world organization/League of Nations.
* NOT RATIFIED by the US Senate because of the League of Nations

The Scopes Trial

* highly publicized trial in 1925
* John Thomas Scopes violated a Tennessee state law by teaching evolution in high school
* Scopes was found guilty, but the impact was that the Butler Act was never again enforced
* Butler Act prevented teachings of evolution and things that went against Genesis

Flappers

* carefree young women with
* short, "bobbed" hair
* heavy makeup
* short skirts
* symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s
* Many people saw the bold, boyish look and shocking behavior of flappers as a sign of CHANGING MORALS
* though hardly typical of American women, the flapper image reinforced the idea that women now had MORE FREEDOM

Immigration Restriction in the 1920s

* Emergency Quota Act, 1921
* Immigration Act of 1924

The First New Deal

* Established to serve the "three Rs"
* Relief for the people out of work
* Recovery for business and the economy as a whole
* Reform of American economic institutiona
* The first 100 days where laws were passed and organizations founded to help the American people

2nd Agricultural Adjustment Act

* 1938


* didn't include a processing tax to pay for farm subsidies
* attempted to help sharecroppers, migrant workers, and poor farmers
* revived payments to farmers for not growing (Second New Deal)

The Second New Deal

* new set of programs and reforms launched by FDR in 1935

National Industrial Recovery Act

* 1933 First New Deal


* Recovery and reform
* Created NRA to enforce codes of fair competition and minimum wages.
* Section 7a protected collective bargaining rights for unions.
* Authorized the President to regulate industry in an attempt to raise prices after severe deflation and stimulate economic recovery

Agricultural Adjustment Act

* Gave farmers money to reduce crop size to reduce production and bring up the value of crops
* (First New Deal)

Bank Holiday (Emergency Banking Act)

* government legislation passed that allowed a plan which would close down insolvent banks and reorganize and reopen those banks strong enough to survive
* All banks were closed for 4 days for this to occur.


* (First New Deal)

FDIC

* Established by the Glass-Steagall Act
* FDIC is meant to protect individual's bank accounts up to $250,000

Public Works Administration

* (FDR)


* Created for both industrial RECOVERY and for unemployment RELIEF
* It aimed at long-range recovery and spent $4 billion on thousands of projects that included public buildings, highways, and parkways.

New deal job-creating programs

* Public Works Administration
* Works Progress Administration
* Tennessee Valley Authority
* Civilian Conservation Corps

National Labor Relations Act (aka Wagner Act)

* Established National Labor Relations Board
* protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize LABOR UNIONS, to engage in collective BARGAINING, and to take part in STRIKES and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands.

Frances Perkins

* U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945
* the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet
* by FDR

Huey Long

* Political leader from Louisiana who criticized the New Deal.
* He wanted the redistribution of wealth.
* Everyone should have a car, house, income, access to college, and own a radio
* Share our Wealth Program
* "Every man a king"

Francis Townsend

* critic of the New Deal; felt that the New Deal did not do enough for the elderly
* He proposed his own idea for giving money to the elderly when they retired.
* Precursor to SOCIAL SECURITY ACT

Upton Sinclair

* "Muckraker"
* shocked the nation when he published THE JUNGLE
* a novel that revealed gruesome details about the MEAT PACKING INDUSTRY in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.
* critic of the New Deal

Social Security Act

* guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65
* set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for
* dependent mothers and children
* the handicapped
* public health

Cash and Carry program

* Starting in 1939
* any nation fighting in World War II could purchase goods and arms in the United States
* Nations had to come to the US and get the weapons and pay in cash.

Neutrality Acts

* 4 laws passed in the late 1930s
* designed to keep the US out of international incidents
* made it illegal to trade military gear with other nations at war

Destroyers for Bases Deal

* Roosevelt's compromise for helping Britain as he could not sell Britain US destroyers without defying the Neutrality Act
* Britain received 50 old but still serviceable US destroyers in exchange for giving the US the right to build military bases on British Islands in the Caribbean

Lend-Lease program

* US policy to lend weapons to Allied nations during WWII

Jeanette Rankin

* American politician and women's rights advocate
* became the first woman to hold federal office in the United States in 1917
* elected to the U.S. House of Representatives as a Republican from Montana in 1916

Double V Campaign

* African American strategy to defeat Hitler's racism abroad as well as racism at home
* Victory in WWII and victory at home with the end of racism
* Tuskegee Airman (unit of black men who flew planes)

New Laws after WWII against racism

* Executive Order 8802
* Fair Employment Practices Committee

Executive Order 8802

* bans discrimination in the military

Fair Employment Practices Committee

* investigates unfair hiring practices and after hiring

Executive Order 9066

* sent Japanese Americans to internment Camps after the bombings at Pearl Harbor

Code Talkers

* Navaho men who served in the military by transmitting radio messages in their native languages
* undecipherable by German and Japanese spies.

Zoot Suit Riots

* series of riots that originated in Los Angeles between White soldiers stationed in the cities and Latinos
* military men who mad that the Mexicans weren't being drafted.
* Some Mexicans at the time wore Zoot Suits, which were baggy coats and baggy pants with a fedora.

Women's contribution to WWII

* Women found a place in the military
* Army auxiliary
* WAVES (the navy)
* Coast Guard (SPARS)
* Tested airplanes and transport them (Airforce)
* worked in factories to make war supplies (Rosie the Riviter)

World War II Technology

* radar
* sonar
* airplanes
* submarines
* fast moving armored tanks
* code/code breaking
* atomic bomb

Cold War Presidents

* Truman
* Eisenhower
* Kennedy
* Johnson
* Nixon
* Ford
* Carter
* Reagan
* H.W. Bush

The Marshall Plan

* plan for aiding the European nations in economic recovery after World War II in order to stabilize and rebuild their countries and prevent the spread of communism
* Thought that by giving MONEY to European Nations, they would be more likely to have DEMOCRATIC governments rather than communist governments

Truman Doctrine

* President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology
* efforts against communism

Containment

* American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world
* Keep communism contained in a country without it spreading

George Kennan

* He was an American diplomat and ambassador best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War.
* Sent a "Long Telegram" about containment and the USSR

NSC-68

* National Security Council document
* approved by President Truman in 1950
* developed in response to the Soviet Union's growing influence and nuclear capability
* it called for an increase in the US conventional and nuclear forces to carry out the policy of containment.
* Mission to STOP SPREAD OF COMMUNISM

The New Look

* term used to describe the shift in foreign policy from containment to massive retaliation
* new way to look at foreign policy and aimed to roll back communism
* massive nuclear weapon buildup, covert activities
* Eisenhower

Federal Highway Act

* 1956-largest public works project in the United States history
* Eisenhower signed the law
* built over 40,000 miles of highways in the United States at a cost of $25 billion
* created the interstate highway system
* ostensibly to create routes for moving military supplies and for emergency evacuation in case of nuclear attack.
* highway system made coast-to-coast driving a more common occurrence, and car-oriented vacations became a reality
* growth of interstate highways allowed for a demographic shift as people vacationed, visited, and moved to areas in the south and southwest—
* SUNBELT from Florida through the deep South, all the way through Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.

Cuban Revolution

* revolution led by Fidel Castro and a small band of guerrilla fighters against a corrupt dictatorship in Cuba
* Set up communism in Cuba.

Bay of Pigs Invasion

* failed invasion of Cuba in 1961 when a force of 1,200 Cuban exiles, backed by the United States, landed at the Bay of Pigs
* Eisenhower trained and armed Cuban hostiles
* JFK trusted it’d work → didn’t → more communist

Sputnik

* world's first space satellite
* meant the Soviet Union had a missile powerful enough to reach the US.

Berlin Wall

* fortified wall surrounding West Berlin, Germany
* built in 1961 to prevent East German citizens from traveling to the West
* demolition in 1989 symbolized the end of the Cold War
* wall was both a DETERRENT to individuals trying to escape and a SYMBOL of repression to the free world.

Cuban Missile Crisis

* 1962 crisis that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba
* COMPROMISE was that US takes away missiles in Turkey and USSR takes away missiles in Cuba

Brown v Board of Education

* 1954 case that OVERTURNED SEPARATE BUT EQUAL standard of discrimination in education
* argued that PLESSY V. FERGUSON violated the 14th amendment
* S stalled on implicating this bc of a loop hole in the wording

Rachel Carson, Silent Spring

* American marine biologist wrote in 1962
* about her suspicion that the pesticide DDT
* said caused reproductive dysfunctions by entering the food chain and eventually having highter concentrations in animals
* In 1973, DDT was banned in the U.S. except for use in extreme health emergencies

Rosa Parks

* United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement
* movement was planned
* part of Montgomery Bus Boycott → bus company CHANGED POLICY

Montgomery Bus Boycott

* protest in 1955-1956 by African Americans against racial segregation in bus system of Montgomery, Alabama
* They did not ride city buses for a whole year
* Eventually segregation on buses was not allowed
* started with Rosa Parks

Martin Luther King Jr.

* U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader
* noted orator
* opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was
* assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee
* Nobel Peace Prize (1964)
* Got his start in the Montgomery Bus Boycotts

Little Rock Central High School Integration

* site of forced desegregation in 1957 when the governor of Alabama wouldn't allow the "Little Rock nine" access to the school
* President Eisenhower then mobilized the 101st airborne division to force the school to admit the students

Malcom X

* spread ideas of black nationalism
* disagreed w/ both the tactics and goals of the early civil rights movement
* minister of the nation of Islam
* rejected his original name because it was his family's slave name.
* Believed that SELF DEFENSE WAS NECESSARY against WHITE VIOLENCE

The Civil Rights Act of 1964

* outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin
* Passed by Lyndon B Johnson

The Voting Rights Act

* law that banned literacy tests
* empowered the federal government to oversee voter registration

Gulf Tonkin Resolution

* 1964 Congressional resolution authorizing President Johnson to take military action in Vietnam
* US had naval vessels in the Tonkin Gulf in Vietnam
* Claimed that they detected a missile
* Gave Johnson power to ask for a declaration of war

Tet Offensive

* 1968, during Tet, the Vietnam lunar new yea
* Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army raiding forces attacked provincial capitals throughout Vietnam, even seizing the U.S. embassy for a time
* U.S. opinion began turning against the war bc saw that America was going to lose

Richard Nixon

* 1968 and 1972
* Republican
* Vietnam: advocated "Vietnamization" (replace US troops with Vietnamese), but also bombed Cambodia/Laos
* created a "credibility gap,"
* Paris Peace Accords ended direct US involvement
* economy
* took US off gold standard (currency valued by strength of economy)
* created the Environmental Protection Agency
* president during first moon landing
* SALT I and new policy of detente between US and Soviet Union
* Watergate scandal → became first and only president to resign

Watergate

* 1972
* Nixon feared loss so he approved the Commission to Re-Elect the President to spy on and espionage the Democrats
* security gaurd foiled an attempt to bug the Democratic National Committe Headquarters, exposing the scandal
* Seemingly contained, after the election Nixon was impeached and stepped down

Equal Rights Amendment

* constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender
* Phyllis Schafly led the movement against this because she thought it would result in women not being exempt from the draft, etc.

stagflation

* part of economic recession in 1970s
* Nixon?
* a period of slow economic growth and high unemployment (stagnation) while prices rise (inflation)

oil shortage in the 1970s

* Oil is from Middle Eastern countries that were mad at US for siding with Israel and Arabs placed an embargo on oil exports to America
* caused a shortage in 1970s
* also gas shortage

Iranian Hostage Crisis

* 1979
* Iranian fundamentalists seized the American embassy in Tehran and held fifty-two American diplomats hostage for over a year (444 days)
* The Iranian hostage crisis weakened the Carter presidency
* the hostages were finally released on January 20, 1981, the day Ronald Reagan became president.
* The Iranians holding them hostage wanted Ayatollah Khomeini in power

Reaganomics (supply-side economics, trickle-down economics)

* Reagan's idea that if there are tax cuts for the wealthy, then those people will invest the money they saved on taxes
* → create economic growth leading to more jobs
* did not work because there was no incentive to invest the tax cuts
* Spending cuts for social programs
* Deregulation of business, but increase of Medicare and Medicaid
* Increased spending on defense

Irangate

* (Iran-Contra Affair) operation in which the CIA sold weapons to Iran via Israel and used the profits to fund Nicaraguan rebels (Contras)

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)

* aka "Star Wars,"
* President Reagan proposed the construction of an elaborate computer-controlled, anti-missile defense system capable of destroying enemy missiles in outer spaced
* Critics claimed that this could never be perfected
* have a blanket of satellites over America to shoot down missiles

1st Gulf War

* the end of the Cold War
* Sadam Hussein invaded Kuwait
* Saudi Arabia asked for the US assistance and so we sent our troops into Saudi Arabia and kicked out Sadam Hussein.
* Also, there was oil in Kuwait so America was influenced by this as well
* by sending in troops to Saudi Arabia we angered Osama Bin Laden in Afghanistan so he ATTACKED US (9/11) which was one of the short term effects of the Cold War

NAFTA and GATT

* trade agreements and intellectual property rights

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

lower tariffs to help smaller countries

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

* trade agreement with Canada and Mexico that lowered barriers that each country had with each other

Barack Obama

* 2008
* Democrat
* first African American president of the US
* health care bill; Gulf of Mexico oil spill disaster
* economy
* huge stimulus package to combat the great recession
* reversed tax cuts from Bush
* removing troops from Iraq, strengthened numbers in Afghanistan

9/11

* Terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon; led to a focus on eliminating terrorism
* War on Terror

Curran's favorite president

Abraham Lincoln

Curran's favorite movie

Casablanca

Where has Curran lived

Massachusetts, Indiana, Tennessee, Missouri

crop lien system

* system that facilitated sharecropping
* designed to keep the poor in constant dept
* farmers didn’t have cash so they borrowed and promise crops as collateral
* high interest

New Freedom

* Wilson’s idea


* more antitrust action, lower tariffs, and financial reforms