Week 7 - Emotion and Personality

Emotion

Stimulus leading to brief emotion-like state

Coordination and interaction

Emotion, psychological

Subjective feelings paired with motivation

Emotion, physical

posture, facial expressions (signaling)

Emotion, behaviours (adaptive)

defense, fight freeze or fight

Emotions help decision making if (3)

Lack of time or info

Surplus of options

ambiguous options

Emotion, buying, and selling

Disgust lowers buy+sell values (esp sell)

Sadness lowers sell but increases buy

Neutral increases sell but lowers buy

Impact bias

Predict own future emotional states, often overestimate intensity and duration

Overestimation of emotion

Great, leads to loss aversion and less risk taking behaviour

Number of emotions

Earlier models imply set number of emotions

Recent models imply wide range of many emotions

Ekman’s theory

6 discrete emotions

angry, afraid, surprised, happy, sad, disgusted
each emotion tied to different facial emotion

Plutchik’s model

8 core emotions on opposed pairs, new emotion from pairs

complexity was emphasized, hybrid emotions

Display rule

Differences btwn cultures in meaning, allowances of certain expressions of emotions

Facial feedback

If emotion influences expression can facial expression influence emotion

Facial action coding system (FACS)

Combos of coded facial movement associated with emotions

understand facial movements, understand emotions

Reading minds through the eyes test(RMET)

Infer emotion through the eyes very quickly, females outperform males

James-Lange theory

Event - arousal - interpretation - emotion

Emotions have distinguishable physiological states

Cannon-bard theory

Event - arousal or emotion

Emotion is separate from physiological arousal

Schachter Singer’s two-factor theory

event - arousal - cognitive label - emotion

interpretation of event is key, not always aware of event

Lying

Many reasons

Average amounts can be deceiving due to high average of prolific liars

Motivation

Drive pushing us in a certain direction

Drive reduction

Drive exists to maintain balance

Incentive value

Drive exists to lead us to pleasurable states

Personality

enduring pattern of thinking, feeling, behaving

Psychic determinism

Events have a cause (subconscious)

Symbolic meaning

No action is meaningless, actions may represent another desire

Unconscious motivation

Rarely understand why we do what we do

Psychodynamic model

id, ego, superego, personality may be result of ego’s efforts to control the id

Ego defenses

repression and denial

healthy if used properly

Radical behaviourist perspective

behaviour determined by reinforcement/punishment

Humanist theory

Drive to self actualize

problems arise from failing to meet conditions of worth

Personality traits

Sable units of personality, conceptual values are measured by personality traits

Five Factor Model (OCEAN model)

Continuum and not a binary

Openness to experience

Conscientiousness

Extraversion

Agreeableness

Neuroticism

FFM traits as predictors

High C and A, low N predicts strong job performance

O positively correlated with and A negatively correlated with perceived leadership ability

O negatively correlated with family size

Personality Proportion

Due to environment, randomness, genetics and family

Personality trade offs

No good or bad traits, but range in benefits and cost

Big Five Alternatives (4)

Cattell 16PF

HEXACO model

Big Three

Two dimensions

Personality Heritability

H2 of religiosity and conservatism increase with age

Religiosity preference is not heritable, environmental

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Tests for specific cases of mental health in adults

Test is written so people can’t tell what the question is asking due to exaggerations

Mechanisms to detect patterns of responding

Projective tests (3)

Thought to reveal unconscious processes by having people project them onto items

Inkblot test

Thematic apperception test

Draw a person test

Projective test concerns (3)

Construct validity

Interpretation

Proprietary material

Phrenology and physiognomy

Even though facial features aren’t correlated with traits, still use them to judge

Barnum effect

tendency to believe descriptions are specific to one even though descriptors to almost anyone