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Health psychology
A subfield of psychology that explores the impact of psychological, behavioral, and cultural factors on health and wellness.
Psychoneuroimmunology
The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect our immune system and resulting health.
Stress
The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.
Approach and avoidance motives
The drive to move toward (approach) or away from (avoid) a stimulus.
General adaptation syndrome (GAS)
Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases — alarm, resistance, exhaustion.
Tend-and-befriend response
Under stress, people (especially women) may nurture themselves and others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend).
Coronary heart disease
The clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; a leading cause of death in many developed countries.
Type A
Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.
Type B
Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people.
Catharsis
In psychology, the idea that 'releasing' aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.
Coping
Alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods.
Problem-focused coping
Attempting to alleviate stress directly — by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor.
Emotion-focused coping
Attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction.
Personal control
Our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless.
Learned helplessness
The hopelessness and passive resignation humans and other animals learn when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.
External locus of control
The perception that outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate.
Internal locus of control
The perception that we control our own fate.
Self-control
The ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards.
Positive psychology
The scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of promoting strengths and virtues that foster well-being, resilience, and positive emotions.
Subjective well-being
Self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life.
Feel-good, do-good phenomenon
People’s tendency to be helpful when in a good mood.
Adaptation-level phenomenon
Our tendency to form judgments relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.
Relative deprivation
The perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves.
Broaden-and-build theory
Proposes that positive emotions broaden our awareness, helping us build novel skills and resilience that improve well-being.
Character strengths and virtues
A classification system to identify positive traits; organized into categories of wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence.
Resilience
The personal strength that helps people cope with stress and recover from adversity.
Aerobic exercise
Sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; helps alleviate depression and anxiety.
Mindfulness meditation
A reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner.
Gratitude
An appreciative emotion people experience when they benefit from others’ actions or recognize their own good fortune.
