Lab 6 biology (animal support, locomotion, and external protection)

Latter half of lab 6

Fibers

muscle tissue cells that are capable of contraction and relaxation.

Integument

Protective outer covering that prevents inner tissues from being damaged.

Chondrocytes

Dense connective tissue cells in cartilage.

Ground substance

Rubbery protein-carbohydrate that suspends the chondrocytes in cartilage.

Bone connective tissue

tissue found in the endoskeletons and teeth of vertebrate animals.

Osteons

oval-shaped mineralized matrix surrounding a central cavity housing blood vessels and nerves.

Chaete

short spines of chitin that project laterally and ventrally from each body segment of a worm.

circular muscle

muscle directly beneath the epidermis of a worm

Longitudinal muscle

Muscle beneath the circular layer of a worm with a longitudinal arrangement.

Endoskeletons

consist of hardened, fibrous skeletal elements embedded within soft tissues. found in sponges, corals, echinoderms, and chordates

Fibers and spicules

What the endoskeleton of sponges are made of. consist of proteins, calcium, carbonate, and silica.

endoskeletal ossicles

calcified plates that lie beneath the epidermal layer of echinoderms

Notochord

an internal skeletal rod in chordates, that is the evolutionary pre-cursor of the vertebral column.

nerve cord

tube on the top side of a chordate, develops into the central nervous system

pharyngeal basket

a complex structure of the pharynx containing slits or pouches that function in feeding and respiration, filtering food from water and absorbing oxygen. (like gills)

post-anal tail

a posterior elongation of the body that extends beyond the anus, containing muscle and skeletal elements

Axial skeleton

endoskeleton division that consists of the cranium and the vertebral column

Appendicular skeleton

Endoskeleton division that consists of pectoral girdle which supports the skeletal elements of the forelimbs, and the pelvic girdle which supports the skeletal elements of the hindlimbs

vertebral column (spine)

notochord becomes segmented during development to form this column. it consists of segmented vertebrae

Trunk vertebrae

Shorter ribs, bones that make up the upper section of the vertebral column

Caudal vertebrae

longer ribs, bones that make up the lower section of the spinal column

Pelvic girdle (synsacrum)

a ring of bones that forms the lower part of the trunk and supports the weight of the upper body

Pectoral girdle (clavical)

the skeletal framework which provides attachment for the forelimbs or pectoral fins.

cervical vertebrae

highly mobile bones in the neck that support the head, protect the spinal cord, and facilitate head movement

sacral vertebrae

There is a single one of these vertebra in salamanders and ancestral tetrapods. has a slender sacral rib.

Humerus

the single, long bone of the upper arm that extends to the elbow.

radius

one of the two main bones in the forearm, alongside the ulna. It extends from the elbow to the wrist on the thumb side

ulna

the longer of the two bones in the forearm, located on the pinky finger side

femur

bone located in the upper leg, generally very strong.

tibia

a long, weight-bearing bone located in the lower leg.

fibula

slender bone located on the lateral (outside) side of the lower leg, parallel to the tibia.

Urostyle

an enlarged, firmly fused pelvic girdle, and caudal vertebrae that are fused into this long rod-shaped bone.

Carapace

dorsal part of turtle shell.

plastron

ventral part of turtle shell

Thoriac vertebrae

vertebrae that support the ribs, on the dorsal section

lumbar vertebrae

vertebrae that do not support the ribs, in the lumbar region

Sternum

a flat, elongated bone located in the center of the chest.

Thoracic vertebrae

Vertebrae that support ribs, there’s differing numbers depending on the species

Skeletal muscle

muscle that is enervated by the voluntary portion of the nervous system and are the muscles that move animal body parts to accomplish locomotion

Smooth muscle

muscle incorporated in the walls of internal organs, controlled by the autonomic nervous system, the involuntary portion of the nervous system

Cardiac muscle

This muscle is associated with blood propulsion.

study this image

be able to identify both longitudinal and circular muscles as well as epithelium (epithelial tissue)

placoid scales

Cartilaginous fish are covered in this type of scale.

study this frog integument

Be able to identify the following: blood vessel, poison gland, chromatophores, mucus glands, stratum corneum, epidermis, and dermis.