Chapter 16 APMWH

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Olympe de Gouges

French feminist who authored the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen at the start of the French Revolution in 1789, which advocated for equal rights for women

What was Olympe de Gouges also known as?

Marie Gouze

Who executed Olympe de Gouges?

the Jacobins

What professions was Gouges famous for?

Gouges was famous as a journalist, actress, and playwright 

What did Gouges do that scandalized Parisian society?

her many public love affairs

How did leaders feel about women’s contributions to the revolutions?

they welcomed their contributions

What did Gouges call for?

more education and equal rights to family property for women

Who did Gouges appeal to use her influence to advance women’s rights?

Queen Marie Antoinette

What did Gouges publish?

A Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen

What did revolutionaries of the 18th and 19th centuries seek to do and how did they plan to do it?

fashion an equitable society by instituting governments that were responsive to the needs and interests of the peoples they governed 

Who did revolutionaries attack?

monarchical and aristocratic regimes (monarchies and high-class/nobility)

What did revolutionaries believe in?

popular sovereignty

Why was Newton’s vision of the universe significant? What did it suggest?

Newton’s vision of the universe was significant and suggested that rational analysis could lead to realizations about the human as well as the natural world 

the Enlightenment

the 18th-century philosophical movement that began in France; its emphasis was on the preeminence of reason rather than faith or tradition it spread concepts from the Scientific Revolution 

What did John Locke do?

• worked to discover the natural laws of politics

• Attacked theories that promoted the divine right of monarchs to rule 

• Advocated constitutional government and that people rule themselves

• provided much of the theoretical justification for the Glorious Revolution in 1688 and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy in England 

Adam Smith

Scottish philosopher and founder of modern political economy and a key figure in the Scottish Enlightenment. Best known for An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776)

What did Adam Smith believe determined the market?

supply and demand

Baron de Montesquieu

French political philosopher who advocated the separation of legislative, executive, and judicial government powers

What was Baron de Montesquieu also called?

Charles Louis de Secondat

What nation was the center of the Enlightenment?

France

What was the difference between philosophes and traditional philosophers?

Philosophes addressed their work to the educated public rather than to scholars

What was Voltaire’s real name?

Françoise-Marie Arouet

Voltaire

French Enlightenment writer and philosopher famous for his wit and criticism of the Catholic Church and French Monarchy

Why did Voltaire wage a long literary campaign against the Roman Catholic Church?

he believed they were responsible for fanaticism, intolerance, and incalculable human suffering 

écrasez l’infame

“crush the damned thing”; Voltaire’s battle cry

Deism

An Enlightenment view that accepted the existence of a god but denied the supernatural aspects of Christianity; in Deism, the universe was an orderly realm maintained by rational and natural laws

True or false: Deists believed a powerful God set the universe in motion but didn’t care about its development or get involved 

true

What did philosophes believe would bring about a new era of constant progress?

a rational understanding of human and natural affairs

What did John Locke write about in the Second Treatise of Civil Government?

he said societies worked best when the governance supported the peoples’ needs and beliefs and that rulers derived their authority from the consent of those whom they governed 

What did French revolutionaries resent?

the persecution of religious minorities and censorship by royal officials who had the power to restrict the printing press

What did French revolutionaries call for?

religious toleration and freedom to express opinion

What did philosophes do when their work was limited in France?

When the philosophes’ work was limited in France, they worked with other writers in different European countries who’d publish their books and smuggle them into France

Who was the most prominent advocate of political equality?

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

• Advocate of political equality

• French-Swiss 

• Resented the priveledges of upper-class peoples

• In his book, The Social Contract, he argued that members of a society were collectively the sovereign 

What did Rousseau believe was the ideal society?

An ideal society would have the people directly involved in the formulation of policy and the creation of laws

Where were the philosophes from?

France

What religion did many philosophers pursue?

Deism

What did the Enlightenment thought constitute a serious challenge to?

long-established notions of political and social order

What brought prosperity to the colonies?

trade

Before the American revolution, what was the colonists’ feelings toward the British?

• the colonists regarded themselves as British subjects

• they recognized British law

• they read English-language books

• often sailed the Atlantic to visit friends and family in Britain

• British military protected the colonists

What conflict is an example of the British military protecting the colonists’ interests?

The French and Indian War

What conflict did the French and Indian War (1754-1763) merge with?

The Seven Year’s War

What did victory in the Seven Years’ War ensure?

That Britain would dominate global trade and that British possessions including the North American colonies, would prosper

What motivated the King of Britain to tax the colonists’ goods and services?

The Seven Year’s War had been very expensive for the British, and they taxed the American colonies (goods and services) to help pay their debts 

Describe the level of autonomy the colonists had before the Revolution?

Nearly every colony had an elective legislative assembly that controlled legislation affecting taxation and defense and that ultimately controlled the salaries paid to royal officials. They’d also gotten used to lax enforcement of taxes and duties on imported goods

What British policies did the colonists especially resent?

• tax on molasses by the Sugar Act (1764

• tax on publications and legal documents by the Stamp Act (1767)

• tax on a variety of imported items by the Townshend Act (1767)

• tax on tea by the Tea Act (1773)

• the Quartering Act (1765) that required them to provide housing and accommodation for British troops

• navigation laws

How did the colonists protest?

They boycotted British products, physically attacked British officials, and mounted protests such as the Boston Tea Party

What was the purpose of the Continental Congress?

it coordinated the resistance to British policies

What battle marked the beginning of the American Revolution?

Battle of Lexington

The Declaration of Independence

Drafted by Thomas Jefferson in 1776; the document expressed the ideas of John Locke and the Enlightenment, represented the idealism of the American rebels, and influenced other revolutions 

List the advantages the British had over the American rebels

• A strong government with clear authority 

• The most powerful navy in the world

• A competent army

• A sizeable population of loyalists in the colonies

Why, though patriots were in the majority, did they struggle to dominate?

• Patriots were in the majority, but not everyone wanted violence with the British Empire

• 20% of Americans remained loyal to the crown

• Minority tried to stay neutral (ex. Religious Society of Friends of Pennsylvania [Quakers])

• Native tribes that relied on colonial trade supported patriots, but most Native Americans east of the Mississippi didn’t trust the colonists and thus supported the British

List the advantages the colonists had over Britain in the American Revolution

• The distance between Britain and the colonies because the British had to ship supplies and troops across the Atlantic 

• George Washington provided strong and imaginative military leadership for the colonial army while local militias employed guerrilla tactics effectively against the British

• foreign support

Why did the French support the colonists during the American Revolution?

France supported the American colonists because they wanted revenge against the British for their recent losses in the Seven Year’s War

How did the French support the colonists in the American Revolution?

The French entered a formal alliance with colonists and gave them

• money

• naval support

• a large force of trained soldiers/officers 

What did Britain’s surrender at Yorktown ensure?

American victory in the war

When did the British government formally recognize American independence?

September 1783

What did the early American Republic serve as?

an inspiration to others around the Atlantic basin

What was the French Revolution inspired by?

The American Revolution

The French Revolution was a more ____ affair than the American Revolution

radical

(was a more thorough and dramatic change)

What was different about the French and American goals for revolution?

The Americans wanted independence but were content to retain British law and culture, but the French wanted to replace the “old order” with an entirely new structure 

Ancien Régime

“Old order”; refers to the period before the French Revolution in 1789

What economic issues did the French government face before the revolution?

• Half of the French government’s revenue went to paying off war debts

• The government faced bankruptcy in the 1780s

How did the French government try to solve their economic issues?

by raising taxes on the French nobility

Louis XVI

the last king of France before the end of the French monarchy during the French Revolution, who was executed by guillotine

Estates General

an assembly that represented the entire French population through groups known as estates

had 3 estates:

• 1000,000 Roman Catholic clergy

• 400,000 nobles

• the rest of the population

How did Louis XVI get the money he needed to pay his debts?

by using the Estates General

Why didn’t each estate in the Estates General get equal say?

they each got one vote, even though the third estate was larger than the other two combined

When did representatives of the third estate secede from the Estates General? What did they call themselves?

1789; the National Assembly

Where did members of the National Assembly first meet and what did they decide?

The members of the new assembly met in a tennis court and swore not to disband until they had provided France with a new constitution

What place did Parisians storm in search of weapons?

the Bastille (a royal jail and arsenal)

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

Documents from the French Revolution (1789) that were influenced by the American Declaration of Independence. It proclaimed the equality of all men; declared that sovereignty resided in the people; and asserted individual rights to liberty, property, and security 

With liberty, equality, and fraternity as their goals, the National Assembly…

abolished the old social order along with the many fees and labor services that peasants owed to their landlords

How did The National Assembly alter the role of the church in French society?

by siezing church lands, abolishing the first estate, defining clergy as civilians, and requiring clergy to take an oath of loyalty to the state

What abilities did the National Assembly give the king in their constitution?

the king became the chief executive official but didn’t have legislative authority

What type of government did the French adopt?

France became a constitutional monarchy where men of property had the right to vote in elections

What did members of the French nobility who were unhappy with their diminished status seek to do?

mobilize the foreign powers in support of the king and to restore the ancien régime

What did discontent in the French nobility lead to?

the National Assembly’s declaration of war on Austria, Prussia (Germany), Spain, Britain, and the Netherlands

the Convention

a new legislative body elected by universal manhood suffrage, which abolished the monarchy and proclaimed France a republic

How did the Convention rally people?

instituting the levée en masse

levée en masse

“mass levy”; a term signifying universal conscription during the radical phase of the French revolution 

Guillotine

a machine used to quickly behead people during executions

What did the Convention do to King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette when they were found guilty of treason?

used the guillotine to kill them

When did revolutionary chaos reach its peak in France?

in 1793 and 1794 when Maximilien Robespierre and the radical Jacobin party dominated the Convention

Who was Robespierre and what was he known as?

a lawyer and radical; “The Incorruptible”

What committee did Robespierre dominate?

Committee of Public Safety

What did the Jacobins believe about the French reformation? How did they promote their agenda?

believed that France needed a full reconstruction; unleashed a campaign of terror to promote their agenda

What did the “cult of reason” do?

• reorganized the calendar

• They encouraged citizens to display their revolutionary support by wearing working-class clothes 

• They granted increased rights to women by permitting them to inherit property and divorce their husbands but they didn’t let them vote

• They made frequent use of the guillotine 

What was the Jacobin’s period of power referred to?

the reign of terror

What undermined civilian confidence in the ancien regime?

the instability of revolutionary leadership

Who arrested Robespierre and his allies in 1794 and sent them for execution?

the Convention

A group of conservative men seized power and ruled France under what name?

the Directory

What did the Directory want to find?

a balance between the ancien regime and the radical revolution

when did the Directory lose power?

in 1799 when Napoleon Bonapparte staged a coup d’état and seized power

Napoleon Bonaparte

French military leader during the French Revolution who siezed power and crowned himself emperor from 1804 to 1814, and again in 1815 until he was defeated and exiled 

Who overthrew the Directory and set up a new government? What did he name it?

Napoleon; the Consulate

the Concordat

A pact that said that the French state could keep church lands seized during the revolution, but they’d have to pay clerc’s salaries, recognize Roman Catholic Christianity as the preferred French faith, and extend religious freedom to Protestants and Jews

Civil Code of France

civil law code promulgated by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1804 that affirmed the political and legal equality of all adult men and established a merit-based society in which individuals qualified for education and employment because of talent rather than birth or social-standing. It protected private property as well

What did Napoleon do that was controversial?

• limited free speech

• censored newspapers and other publications 

• established a secret police and used spies 

• used propaganda to manipulate people

• surrounded himself with officials that agreed with him and gave him whole authority and power

• viewed himself and his family as superior