O Level Pakistan Studies Geography Key Notes Flashcards

Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts from the O Level Pakistan Studies Geography notes, focusing on climate, weather, rainfall, and related phenomena.

Weather

Day to day temperature and precipitation.

Climate

Average atmospheric conditions over a long period of time.

Highland Zone

Rainfalls include monsoon, western, and convectional patterns; winters are very cold to cool, and summers are mild to warm.

Lowland Zone

Rainfalls include monsoon, western, and convectional patterns; winters are cool to mild, and summers are hot.

Coastal Zone

Monsoon, Western, tropical Rainfall; winters are mild, and summers are warm to hot.

Arid Zone

Little or no rainfall; winters are cool to mild, and summers are hot.

Summer Season in Pakistan

April to September, divided into Early Summer (April-June) and Late Summer/Monsoon (July-September).

Post-Monsoon Season

October to mid-December.

Winter Season in Pakistan

Mid-December to March.

Very Hot Temperature

40°C and above

Hot Temperature

31°C - 39°C

Warm Temperature

21°C - 30°C

Mild Temperature

10°C - 20°C

Cool Temperature

3°C - 9°C

Cold Temperature

-2°C - 5°C

Very Cold Temperature

Below -5°C

Latitudinal Effect on Temperature

Distance from sun ↓ → Temp ↑, Distance from sun ↑ → Temp ↓

Cloud Cover Effect on Temperature

Day: Temp↓ (Sun's incoming rays blocked). Night: Temp↑ (Trapped heat).

Altitude Effect on Temperature

Altitude ↑ → Air density ↓ → Temp↓, Altitude ↓ → Air density ↑ → Temp ↑

Continental Effect

Far from Sea: Extreme Temperature, Summers & Winters → Temp. Difference. ↑

Maritime Effect

Near Sea: Extreme Temp X

Monsoon Winds (Summer)

Southwest Monsoon (Sea to land).

Monsoon Winds (Winter)

Northeast Monsoon (Land to sea).

Primary Monsoon

Bay of Bengal branch.

Secondary Monsoon

Arabian Sea branch.

Western Depression Origin

Cyclones originate from the Mediterranean Sea, moving eastwards from December to March.

Convectional Currents

Summer → hot air rises → moisture, Atmosphere → condensation, Clouds → form, Rainfall.

Relief Rainfall

Moist wind strikes a mountain, ascends, reaches condensation level, cloud forms, rain occurs.

Tropical Cyclones

Heavy rainfall and winds originate from the Arabian Sea, affecting coastal areas.

Thunderstorms

Convectional rainfall with winds and thunder.

Floods

Temporary cover of land with water.

Droughts

Water shortage for a longer period.