RHS Honors A&P Unit 4 Transport

blood

Connective tissue made of plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.

Plasma

Fluid portion of blood

Erythrocyte

a mature red blood cell

Leukocyte

white blood cell

Platelet

small blood fragment that collects at sites of injury to begin the clotting process

Anemia

A condition in which the blood is deficient in red blood cells, in hemoglobin, or in total volume.

Hemocytoblast

stem cells that give rise to all the formed elements of the blood

Formed elements of blood

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

Hemostasis

to stop or control bleeding

Blood types

classified according to the presence, or absence, of certain antigens; four major blood types are A, AB, B, and O

Blood type O

no antigens, anti-A and anti-B antibodies

Blood type A

A antigen and B antibodies

Blood type B

antigen B, antibody A

Blood type AB

A and B antigens, no antibodies

Antigen

A protein that, when introduced in the blood, triggers the production of an antibody

Antibody

A protein that acts against a specific antigen

Rh factor

Refers to the presence or absence of the Rh antigen on red blood cells.

universal donor blood type

Type O

Universal receiver blood type

Type AB

4 chambers of the heart

right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

Blood flow direction through the vena cava through the heart

right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

Bicuspid valve

valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle.

tricuspid valve

valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle

aortic semilunar valve

located between the left ventricle and the aorta

pulmonary semilunar valve

heart valve opening from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery

Pulmonary circulation

flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

systemic circulation

circulation that supplies blood to all the body except to the lungs

nodal system (intrinsic conduction system)

built into heart tissue; sets the heart's basic rhythm; cross between muscle and nervous tissue; enforces a heart contraction rate

SA node (sinoatrial node)

-pacemaker of the heart

-sets the heartbeat rate

-located in the right atrium

-causes atria to contract

AV node (atrioventricular node)

region of the heart between the right atrium and right ventricle from which electrical impulses spread to the ventricles during a heartbeat

Electrocardiagram (ECG)

A recording of the electrical activity of the heart

Systole

Contraction of the heart

Diastole

Relaxation of the heart

Stoke volume

the amount of blood entering the aorta with each ventricular contraction

Cardiac cycle

A complete heartbeat consisting of contraction and relaxation of both atria and both ventricles

Heart sounds

Lub-dub. 1st- a-v valves close. 2nd- aortic and pulmonary valves close

Heart murmur

an abnormal sound from the heart produced by defects in the chambers or valves

Heart rate

A measure of cardiac activity usually expressed as the number of beats per minute.

arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

Artery structure

arteries have three layers: a smooth inner layer; a strong, muscular layer; and a thin outer layer; connective fibers in artery walls allow for the elasticity needed for the artery to function; arteries are usually larger than veins

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart

Vein structure

veins also have three layers: a thin outer layer, a middle layer and a smooth inner layer; veins are less muscular than arteries and have less elasticity

Capillaries

Microscopic vessel through which exchanges take place between the blood and cells of the body

Pulse

Beat of the heart as felt through the walls of the arteries.

Pulse points

1. Common carotid

2. Brachial

3. Radial

4. Femoral

5. Feet

Blood pressure

the pressure that is exerted by the blood against the walls of blood vessels

Hypertension

abnormally high blood pressure

Atherosclerosis

condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries

Respiratory system

A system of organs, functioning in the process of gas exchange between the body and the environment, consisting especially of the nose, nasal passages, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

systole and diastole

systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation)

Hypotension

low blood pressure

120/80 mmHg

What is normal blood pressure?

Nasal cavity

located within and posterior to the nose

respiratory mucosa function

moistens air and traps incoming foreign particles

Conchae

three uneven, scroll-like nasal bones that extend down through the nasal cavity

Conchae function

increases surface area, increases air turbulence within the nasal cavity

paranasal sinuses function

warm, moisten air, lighten skull

3 regions of the pharynx

1. Nasopharynx

2. Oropharynx

3. Laryngopharynx

Pharynx

throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx

Tonsils function

trap and remove foreign material

Tonsillitis

acute or chronic inflammation of the tonsils

Larynx

voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords

Epiglottis

A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering.

Trachea

a large membranous tube reinforced by rings of cartilage, extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes and conveying air to and from the lungs; the windpipe.

Trachea cartilage

Also known as a "Windpipe", a c-shaped incomplete rings cartilage on the posterior side, provides strength and flexibility to the trachea - Hyaline cartilage

Main bronchi

division of trachea which divide into each lung

Lungs

two spongy organs, located in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage, responsible for respiration

Alveoli

tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood

Bronchioles

smallest branches of the bronchi

4 events of respiratory system

1. Movement of air in and out of the lungs - breathing or

pulmonary ventilation.

2. Gas exchange (diffusion) between the lungs and the blood.

3. Gas transport in blood between the lungs and body cells.

4. Gas exchange (diffusion) between blood and body cells.

Pulmonary ventilation

movement of air into and out of the lungs

External respiration

exchange of gases between lungs and blood

Respiratory gas transport

the process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported to and from the lungs and tissues

Internal respiration

Exchange of gases between cells of the body and the blood

Inspiration (breathing in)

active; diaphragm contracts; increase volume and decrease pressure

Expiration (breathing out)

passive; diaphragm relaxes; decrease volume, increase pressure