Week 9 - Joints + Articulations A+P

Abduction

Movement away from longitudinal axis (midline)

Adduction

Movement toward longitudinal axis (midline)

Flexion

Reduces angle of articulating elements in anterior/posterior plane

Extension

Increases angle of elements in anterior/posterior plane

Hyperextension

Movement past/beyond the anatomical position

Circumduction

Moving arm, leg, or hand in a loop (complex movement)

Medial rotation

Inward movement in reference to anterior

Lateral rotation

Outward movement in reference to anterior

Pronation

Movement of hand to palm facing backward

Supination

Movement of hand to palm facing forward (cup of soup)

Eversion

Twisting of foot to sole outward

Inversion

Twisting of foot to sole inward

Dorsiflexion

Flexion of ankle to elevate sole

Plantar flexion

Flexion of ankle to elevate heel

Lateral flexion

Movement of vertebral column to side

Protraction

Anterior movement in horizontal plane

Retraction

Reverse of protraction

Opposition

Grasping movements between thumb and fingers

Elevation

Movement of structure in superior direction

Depression

Movement of structure in inferior direction

Hyperflexion

excessive flexion at a joint

Lateral extension

the movement of the spine or body part sideways, away from the anatomical midline, lengthening one side of the waist while opening the ribs

Rotation

Neck or body - twisting movement produced by the summation of the small rotational movements available between adjacent vertebrae.

Pivot joint - one bone rotates in relation to another bone.

Articulation/joint

Where 2 or more bones meet

Functional classification of joints

How much movement is had

Synarthrosis/otic

“together joint.” Tightly connected (ex. sutures)

Amphiarthroses/otic

“Both joint.” Little movement on both sides (ex. vertebrae)

Diarthrosis/otic

“Through.” Movement all the way through (ex. hip, ball and socket joint)

Structural classification of joints

What’s it made of?

Fibrous joints

Uses fibrous CT as binding material. 3 types (sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses)

Sutures

Fibrous joint. Between flat bones of NC. Shortest type

Syndesmoses

Fibrous joint. Lil longer than fibers in sutures. A little more movement as well. In between radius + ulna, and tibia + fibula. Holds bones together

Gomphoses

Very short fibrous joint. Teeth to jaw ligament (periodontal ligament)

Cartilaginous joints

Bound by cartilage. Coat bones for movement, reduces friction and grinding. Amphiarthrotic. Types: synchondroses, symphysis

Synchondroses

Little to no movement. Cartilaginous joint. “together cartilage.” (synarthrotic)

Symphysis

Cartilaginous joint. A little more movement (amphiarthrotic). Intervertebral discs (fibrocartilage) + symphysis pubis

Synovial joint

Most common. Most friction. Most movement. Fluid is binding material. components: joint (synovial) cavity, articular (joint) capsule (outer fibrous capsule and inner synovial membrane), synovial fluid (liquid filling joint cavity), articular cartilage (ends of bones), ligaments (anchors)

Bursa

Membranous sac between bones or ligaments (between coracoacromial ligament and humerus)

Tendon sheath

Fluid filled feature wrapped around a tendon (tendon on the thumb)

Articular disc

Lil pad of material in joint. Where mandible and temporal bone articulate

Meniscus

Thick cartilaginous pad (knee - lateral and medial). Takes a ton of pressure

Pivot joint

Saying yes and no, atlas and axis

Ball & socket joint

Hip and shoulder, most movement

Sprain

Ligament stretched or torn

Strain

Muscle stretched or torn

Annular ligament

Anchors things together. Tear of it is an indication of child abuse

Cartilage tears

Fragments may cause joint to lock or bind. Can be a meniscus tear, common sports injury

Bursitis

Inflammation of the bursa (a blow or friction)

Tendonitis

Inflammation of tendon sheaths (overuse). AKA tenosynovitis

Arthritis

Inflammation of joints. Over 100 types, inflammation or degenerative that damage joints. Two most common: Osteoarthritis (wear and tear, increase with age), rheumatoid arthritis

Gouty arthritis

Common in men. Ball of big toe, build up of uric crystals

Lyme arthritis

Lyme disease related arthritis

Fibrous membrane

a thin, tough layer of connective tissue, composed primarily of collagen, that covers, supports, or separates muscles and organs

Tendon

tough, flexible bands of dense, fibrous connective tissue—primarily collagen—that connect muscle to bone

Ligament

a tough, fibrous band of connective tissue that connects bone to bone, serving to stabilize joints and limit excessive movement

Interosseous tissue

a strong, fibrous connective tissue sheet spanning the space between two parallel long bones, specifically the radius/ulna in the forearm or tibia/fibula in the leg