SHS 315 Exam 1 Study Guide

primary muscles of inspiration

diaphragm and external intercostals

primary muscles of expiration

internal intercostals

inspiration process

diaphragm and external intercostals contract ---> thoracic cavity expands in volume ---> lungs expand in volume due to pleural linkage ---> inside pressure decreases due to Boyle's law ---> air rushes into lungs because air moves from high pressure to low pressure (diffusion)

expiration process

diaphragm and external intercostals relax ---> thoracic cavity and lungs reduce in volume (pleural linkage) ---> inside pressure increases (Boyle's law) ---> air rushes out of lungs (diffusion)

pleural linkage

lungs and ribcage (thoracic cavity) function as one unit

how the lungs and rib cage function as one unit

pleural linkage

-the lungs and thoracic cavity both expand and contract as one unit

Boyle's Law

increase in volume, decrease pressure; decrease volume, increase pressure

what is between the two pleurae is a very small potential space called

pleural space

which contains

pleural fluid

the pressure in pleural space

negative

what part of inhalation/exhalation is described by Boyle's law

-lungs expand in volume, inside pressure drops

-lungs reduce in volume and inside pressure increases

what part of inhalation/exhalation is described by diffusion

-air rushes into lungs from area of high pressure to low pressure

-air rushes out of lungs from area of high pressure to low pressure

what part of inhalation/exhalation is described by pleural linkage

-thoracic cavity expands, lungs expand

-thoracic cavity reduces, lungs reduce

the __ is the only muscle that abducts the vocal folds to open the glottis

posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

Bernoulli's principle

velocity increases, pressure decreases

Bernoulli's principle applied to phonation

-air passing through the constriction formed by the closing glottis becomes negative in pressure

-the negative pressure between the folds further helps to close them completely

Bernoulli's principle can explain what part of voice production

how the glottis is being closed during each cycle of vibration

the main component of body in Hiranos cover body model is what?

vocalis (TA/thyroarytenoid muscle)

lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA)

adduct vocal folds

interarytenoid (IA)

adduct vocal folds

posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA)

abduct vocal folds

cricothyroid (CT)

*pitch changer

adjusts tension by lengthening and shortening vocal folds

phonation process

-to initiate vocal fold vibration, the vocal folds must adduct to close the glottis. this is achieved by IA and LCA muscles, which exert a force called medial compression

-subglottal pressure builds up. when the subglottal pressure is strong enough, it forces the vocal folds apart

-the vocal folds begin to recoil back to the midline due to their natural elasticity

-air passing through the constriction formed by the closing glottis becomes negative in pressure

-due to bernouilli's principle, the negative pressure between the folds further helps to close them completely

-the whole process repeats

how do the vocal folds look during phonation

closed

how do the vocal folds look during breathing

open

how do the vocal folds look during whispering

slight opening at bottom

mucosal wave

vocal folds open from bottom to top and close from bottom to top

during vocal fold vibration, the arytenoid cartilages

maintain adduction of vocal folds

what force opens the vocal folds during vocal fold vibration?

subglottal pressure

what force closes the vocal folds during vocal fold vibration?

elasticity of vocal folds and the negative pressure between vocal folds (Bernoulli's principle)

when the subglottal pressure forces the vocal fords apart it looks more like

A-slightly apart

class I occlusion

normal orientation of mandible and maxillae

class II malocclusion

retracted mandible

class III malocclusion

protruded mandible

velopharyngral port

opening between oropharynx and nasopharynx

which muscle elevates the posterior velum and helps close velopharyngeal port

levator veli palatini

what is the primary function of the tensor veli palatini muscle

dialating auditory tube

what is the nerve that innervates the levator veli palatini

vagus (x)

what is the term for the opening between the oropharynx and nasopharynx

velopharyngeal port

intrinsic tongue muscles

superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, transverse, vertical

superior longitudinal

elevates, assists in retraction, or deviates the tip of the tongue XII

inferior longitudinal

pulls tip of the tongue downward, assists in retraction, and deviates the tongue XII

transversus muscle

provides a mechanism for narrowing the tongue XII

vertical muscle

pulls the tongue down to the floor of the mouth XII

extrinsic tongue muscles

Genioglossus

Hyoglossus

Styloglossus

Palatoglossus

Chondroglossus

genioglossus muscle

retract, protrude, and depress XII

hyoglossus muscle

pulls sides of tongue down XII

Styloglossus muscle

draws tongue back and up XII

Chondroglossus muscle

depresses tongue XII

Palatoglossus muscle

Elevates back of tongue and depresses soft palate XI and X

Muscles of the velum

levator veli palatini, musculus uvulae, tensor veli palatini, palatoglossus, palatopharyngeus

levator veli palatini muscle

elevates and retracts the posterior velum and helps in closing the velopharyngeal port XI, X

musculus uvulae muscle

shortens velum XI, X

tensor veli palatini

dilates the auditory tube, V

palatopharyngeus muscle

narrows pharynx, lowers soft palate XI, X

oral cavity

hard palate and velum

velum

soft palate

uvula

soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate

nasal cavity

hollow space behind the nose

pharynx

throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx

orbicularis oris inferior and superior muscles

lip protrusion, closure, retraction, elevation and depression

risorious and buccinator

retraction of the lips

levator labii superioris, zygomatic minor, levator labii superioris alaeque nasi

elevates the upper lips

depressor labii inferioris

depresses lower lip