Psychology Lecture Notes

Flashcards based on lecture notes.

Bottom

up processing

Top

down processing

Flynn effect

Average increase IQ over time

Intelligence quotient test

IQ = Mental/chronological x 100

Standardization

Normal distribution, representative sample

Reliability

Yields consistent results

Split

half reliability

Test

retest reliability

Validity

Measure or predict what it should

Content validity

Accurately measures content knowledge?

Predictive validity

Predict a certain behavior?

Construct validity

Measuring psychological construct?

Law of effect

Favorable consequence/reinforcement = repetition

Approach

approach conflict

Approach

avoidance conflict

Avoidance

avoidance

Self

determination theory

Set point

“I'm satisfied” genetics, environment

James Lange Theory

Body first emotion second

Cannon

Bard Theory

Schater

singer two-factor theory

Richard Lazarus’s cognitive appraisal theory

Cognition precedes emotion

Joseph LeDoux’s high road vs. low road of emotion

Low fight-flight amygdala, high thinking

Cattel

Horn-Carrol (CHC) Theory

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

food, yummy, bang, loud

Natural reflective response

Something we feel naturally

Neutral stimulus

Generates no reflexive response (light)

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Neutral stimulus paired w UCS

Unconditioned response (UCR)

Reflective action (drool) due to UCS

Conditioned response (CR)

Was once the UCR

Acquisition phase

Association between neutral stimulus and UCS

Continuous

Scheduled

Partial

Sometimes

Ratio schedule

Number of times

Interval

After a time

Fixed

Predictable

Variable

Not predictable

Fixed ratio schedule

Rewards card

Variable ratio schedule

Gambling

Fixed interval schedule

Quiz every Friday

Variable interval schedule

Hearing from college

Latent learning

Without immediate reinforcement

Hue

Color, length of wave

Intensity

Brightness, height of wave

Cornea

White part, reflects light

Pupil

Black, hole, light enters, opens

Iris

Color, muscle, controls pupil

Lens

Magnifying glass

Accommodation

Lens bending, age

Fovea

Inverts, on retina

Retina

Senses light, cells on wall

Nearsightedness

Focused front retina

Farsightedness

Focused behind retina

Photoreceptor cells

Rods and cones

Rods

Peripheral vision, movement, shapes

Cones

Center, detail, color

Optic nerve

Carries into seeing brain

Ganglion axons

Form optic nerve

Visual cortex

Where we see in brain

Blind spot

Back of eye

Prosopagnosia

Face blindness

Blindsight

Seeing without knowing

Trichromatic theory

3 types of cones

Place theory

Location of vibration basilar membrane

Frequency theory

How fast hairs move

Volley theory

Fire out of sync

McGurk Effect

Hearing and vision interference

Parcinian corpuscle

Pressure receptor

Kinesthesis

Sense of movement

Vestibular sense

Head position, balance

Synesthesia

More than one sense

Gestalt Psychology

Patterns into wholes

Relative clarity

Closer = less hazy

Interposition

Covered = more distant

Linear perspective

Lines converge depth cue

Texture gradient

Closer = more textured

Size and shape constancy

Door opening and closing

Light and color constancy

Regardless of light wave changes

Gambler’s fallacy

The pattern will break in the future

Sunk

cost fallacy

Sensory Memory

Exact copy short time

Iconic Memory

Picture, .25 seconds

Echoic Memory

Hearing, few seconds

Explicit Memory

Facts, events

Implicit Memory

Skill based

Prospective Memory

Timeframe, future

Episodic memory

Something you did

Semantic Memory

Important facts

Working Memory

Integrating information into preexisting - newer STM

Central Executive

Conductor

Phonological loop

Auditory information

Visuospatial Sketchpad

Appearance/location of information

Maintenance Rehearsal

Repetition to encode information

Elaborative Rehearsal

Way that promotes meaning

Procedural memory

Unconscious actions - bike

Structural encoding

Physical structure to remember

Phonemic encoding

How words sound to remember

Long

term potentiation

Hippocampus

Brain part, explicit memory

Cerebellum

Skill based, brain part