Apes Unit 3

Watershed

An area of land that drains into a body of water.

Impervious Cover

Roads, sidewalks, and roofs.

Early water stress.

What delays crop maturity and reduces yield?

Monoculture

The practice of producing or growing one single crop over a wide area.

Disadvantages:

• Quicker spread of diseases, loss of soil structure, soil erosion, use of chemicals.

Advantages:

• large harvests with minimal labor

Polyculture

Use of multiple crops in the same place.

Disadvantages:

• More labor, less yield.

Advantages:

• Less disease, more habitats, biodiversity.

Permaculture

All natural, the biggest little farm.

Rangelands

Natural grasslands, shrublands, woodlands, wetlands, and deserts.

Pasturelands

Used for the production of domesticated forage plants for livestock.

Taylor Grazing Act of 1934

Provides regulation of grazing on the public lands.

Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation (CAFO)

A type of animal feeding operation that is used in large-scale farming for beef cattle, swine, horses, sheep, turkeys, chickens, or ducks prior to slaughter.

Infiltration

Water filtering through the pore spaces in soil or rock.

Runoff

Water flowing downhill.

Transpiration

Loss of excess water form land plants.

Evaporation

Phase change from liquid water to water vapor.

Precipitation

Rain, snow, sleet, or hail.

Condensation

Phase change from water vapor to liquid water.

Decomposition

Organic material breaks down and returns organic carbon into the soil.

Combustion

Burning fossil fuels and other organic materials.

Cellular Respiration

Living organisms using oxygen and food to produce carbon dioxide and energy.

Photosynthesis

Plants using carbon dioxide and energy to produce oxygen and food.

Erosion

Breaking down and transporting solid materials (usually rocks and soil).

Burial and Compaction

Dissolves carbon dioxide in water is compacted into sediments to form rock (limestone).

Ammonification

Bacteria convert organic into ammonium.

Assimilation

Plants absorb nitrates, ammonia, or ammonium through their roots.

Fixation

Bacteria or legumes convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia.

Nitrification

Bacteria convert ammmonia or ammonium, into nitrates.

Denitrification

Bacteria convert nitrates into atmospheric nitrogen.

Ingestion

Animals eat plants and other organic materials containing nitrates.

Excretion

Animal waste returns the substance into the soil.

Mining

Humans remove phosphates from underground for fertilizer use.

Decomposition

Organic material breaks down and returns organic phosphorus into the soil.

Geologic Uplift

Uplift exposing underground rocks to the surface.

Absorbtion

Plants absorb phosphates through their roots.

Sulfur Dioxide

Sulfur dioxide released by volcanic eruptions, fuel combustion, and bacteria in soil.

Dimethyl Sulfide

DMS released into the atmosphere by marine organisms, helps cloud droplets condense, and ultimately converts to sulfur dioxide.

Sulfuric Acid

Form when sulfur oxides react with water vapor.

Sedimentary Rock

Formed from sediment compacted together.

Sediment

Small particles of rock or soil.

Compaction and Cementation

Forces that create sedimentary rock.

Heat and Pressure

Forces that create metamorphic rock.

Magma

Molton rock.

Metamorphic Rock

Formed from other rocks that have undergone a significant change.

Melting

Significant heating of rocks to create magma.

Weathering and Erosion

Rocks break down and are transported away.

Igneous Rock

Formed from cooled magma. C

Cooling and Hardening

Processes that create igneous rock.

Parent Material

The type of rock influences formation.

Climate

The type of climate influences formation.

Topography

The surface and the slope can influence soil formation.

Organisms

Plants and animals can affect soil formation.

Time

The amount of time a soil has spent developing can influence soil formation.

O Horizon

Organic matter in different stages of decomposition.

A Horizon (topsoil)`

Rich decayed material and mineral material.

B Horizon (subsoil)

Accumulation of metals and nutrients.

C Horizon

A lot of rock.

Texture

Proportions or percentage of 3 particle types (sand, silt, and clay).

CEC

The ability of a soil to absorb and release cations.

Porosity

Pore space between particles, more porous means more permeability.

Clay

High porosity and low permeability.

Sand

High permeability and relatively low porosity.

Pesticide Treadmill

Survivors of pesticides produce more survivors.

Pesticide

A substance that kills or controls organisms that people consider pests.

Insecticides

Targets insects.

Herbicides

Targets plants.

Fungicides

Targets fungus.

Biological Pest Control

Using living organisms and organic matter to control pest populations.

Predators/Pathogens

Bacteria, viruses, and parasites.

Plant Defenses

GMO’s and hybrids.

Chemicals from plants

Pepper plant juice.

Disrupt Insect Breeding

Pheromones.

Sterilize

Make more that kill the natural ones.

Integrated Pest Management

Using a variety of techniques designed to minimize pesticide inputs.

No Till Agriculture

Not disturbing the soil.