PSYCH CHAPTER 11 - MOTIVATION

Instinct Theory

A view that explains human behavior as motivated by automatic, involuntary, and unlearned responses.

Homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

Drive Theory

the belief that behavior is motivated by drives that arise from biological needs that demand satisfaction (internal tension: drives)

Drives

Biological "push" - we need to do something to maintain homeostasis

Incentives

"Pull" - modern view, high incentive stimuli can motivate a behaviour

Expectancy x-value theory

goal-directed behaviour is determined by the strength of expectation that a behaviour will lead to a goal (involves individual emphasis on a goal also)

Extrinsic motivation

performing an activity for an external reward, to avoid punishment

Intrinsic motivation

performing an activity because it is enjoyable or stimulating

Psychodynamic theory

We have hidden, aggressive impulses - supported by Freud

Humanistic theory

An explanation of behavior that emphasizes the entirety of life rather than individual components of behavior and focuses on human dignity, individual choice, and self-worth

Self-determination theory

A theory of internal motivation, the forces which drive behavior in the absence of any external stimuli. A key part of this theory is intrinsic motivation. Free actions.

Metabolism

A set of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes

Satiety

Condition of being too full or too satisfied

Set point

the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

Gherlin

hormone produced by your stomach when your hungry, most important signal in humans

CCK

increases the secretions of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice, decreases hunger and digests food

Fat cells

Not passive - secrete leptin to decrease appetite

Lateral hypothalamus

"Hunger on" portion of brain, controlling leptin (hunger controlling hormone)

Ventromedial hypothalamus

"Hunger off" portion of brain, controlling leptin (hunger controlling hormone)

PVN (paraventricular nucleus)

Regulates food intake - type of nuclei

Classical conditioning

How we learn to associate sight and smells with food

Sexual motivation

Produced by obtaining and giving pleasure, expressing love, making money, etc.

Sexual Response Cycle

Excitement, Plateau, Orgasm, Resolution

Pituitary Gland

"Master gland", secretes sex hormones

Androgens

Type of hormone causing the growth of male body parts

Estrogens

Type of hormone causing the growth of female body parts

Gonadtrophins

Signal release of estrogens and androgens

Achievement goal theory

Theory describing how success is defined by the individual and by the task

Mastery orientation

a learning orientation characterized by a focus on gaining new knowledge or abilities and improving

Performance orientation

a learning orientation characterized by a focus on presenting oneself well and appearing intelligent to others

Emotion

positive/negative feelings consisting of patterns of cognitive, psychological, and behavioural reactions to events

ANS (autonomic nervous system)

Part of the body that controls fight or flight responses

Limbic system

Part of the body that plays a part in controlling aggression

Cerebral cortex

Involved in cognitive appraisal

Prefrontal cortex

Involved in regulating emotions, decision making, planning, and reasoning

Thalamus

Part of the body that has survival and primitive value, instincts and reactions

James-Lange Somatic Theory

physiological reactions determine our subjective emtional experience, "body informs mind"

Cannon-Bard Theory

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion - opposing to James-Lange

Facial-feedback hypothesis

Movements of the facial muscles produce and/or intensify our subjective experience of emotion

Two-factor theory of emotion

Schachter and Singer's theory that emotion is the interaction of physiological arousal and the cognitive label that we apply to explain the arousal

Display rules

cross-cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotions