Skeletal System Flashcards

Flashcards about the skeletal system

Bones

Organs that make up the skeletal system.

Number of bones in an adult human

206

Framework function of the skeletal system

Support the body’s muscles, fat, and skin.

Protection function of the skeletal system

Surround organs, like the skull protecting the brain.

Levers for movement function of the skeletal system

Muscles pull on bones to facilitate this.

Storage function of the skeletal system

Minerals, including most of the body’s calcium.

Blood cell formation location

Red bone marrow in the medullary cavity.

Hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis

Red and white blood cells and platelets formation.

Compact bone (cortical bone)

Made of osteons, hard, dense, strong; outer portion of bone.

Cancellous bone (spongy bone)

Lacy, porous; inner portion of bone tissue.

Osteoblast

Building bone matrix, immature cells.

Osteoclast

Break down bone matrix to release minerals.

Osteocyte

Mature bone cell surrounded by bone matrix.

Shapes/Classifications of Bones

long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid

Diaphysis

the long shaft of the long bones

Epiphysis

• the two extremities or ends.

Medullary canal

• cavity in the diaphysis. 

  • Filled with yellow marrow which is mainly fat cells.

Endosteum

• a membrane that lines the medullary canal and keeps the yellow marrow intact. 

  • It also produces some bone growth.

PERIOSTEUM

Tough membrane that covers the outside of the bone.

• Contains blood vessels, lymph vessels and osteoblasts.

• Periosteum is necessary for bone growth, repair and nutrition.

• A thin layer of articular cartilage covers the epiphysis and acts as a shock absorber when two bones meet to form a joint (articulation).

Red Bone Marrow

a type of tissue found within certain bones that produces blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

longitudinal growth

• epiphyseal plate - length

circumferential growth

change in diameter

appositional growth

growth that maintains correct proportions during growth

adult bone development

aging causes loss of bone mass

Epiphyseal plates:

growth plates

Separate the diaphysis from the epiphysis

Cartilage cells at the epiphysis (chondrocytes) reproduce rapidly and die rapidly.

Becomes calcified cartilage and blood vessels begin to grow, building up new bone.

• hypertrophy of bones

stronger bones

• atrophy of bones

weaker bones

SKELETAL SYSTEM IS DIVIDED INTO TWO SECTIONS: what are they called

Axial skeleton and Appendicular skeleton

Axial skeleton

forms the main trunk of the body and is composed of the skull, spinal column, ribs and breastbone.

Appendicular skeleton

forms the extremities and is composed of the shoulder girdle, arm bones, pelvic girdle and leg bones

what is included in the axial skeleton

the skull

the vertebral column

the thoracic cage

what is included in the appendicular skeleton

shoulder & arms

hips & legs

pelvis

The Skull

the cranium

• surround the brain

the facial bones

• protect the front of the head

The Cranium has 8 bones, name them

frontal bone

parietal bones (2)

temporal bones (2)

occipital bones

ethmoid bone

sphenoid bone

The Facial Bones – 14 TOTAL

maxillary bones (2) —— upper jaw

palatine bones (2) —— hard palate

zygomatic bones (2) ——- cheek bones

lacrimal bones (2) —— medial eye area

nasal bones (2) —— bridge of nose

vomer —— vertical bone in nasal area

inferior concha bones (2) —- lateral bone in nasal area

mandible —— lower jaw

Sutures

areas where the cranial bones have joined together.

Sinuses

air spaces in the bones of the skull that act as resonating chambers for the voice. They are lined with mucous membranes.

Foramina

openings in bones that allow nerves and blood vessels to enter or leave the bone.

fontanels

soft spots, allow for the enlargement of the skull as brain growth occurs. (soft spot on baby heads)

Paranasal Sinuses

frontal

ethmoid

sphenoid

maxillary

Spinal Column

Made of 26 bones called vertebrae.

These bones protect the spinal cord and provide support for the head and trunk.

what is included in the spinal column

• 7 cervical (neck)

• 12 thoracic (chest)

• 5 lumbar (waist)

• 1 sacrum (back of pelvic girdle)

• 1 coccyx (tailbone)

Intervertebral Disks

• Pads of cartilage 

• located between vertebrae

• shock absorbers

• allow flexibility

Lordosis

Sway back

Kyphosis

hump back

Scoliosis

Curve side to side

The Upper Extremity

• humerus

• radius

• ulna

  the shoulder girdle

  • scapula

  • clavicle

  the wrist and hand

  • carpals (8)

  • metacarpals (5)

  • phalanges (14)

The Lower Extremity

• the pelvic girdle

  • ilium

  • ischium

  • pubis

• the leg

  • femur

  • tibia

  • fibula

  • patella

• the ankle and foot 

  • tarsals (7)

  • metatarsals (5)

  • phalanges (14)

synarthroses

immovable joints

aka skull

amphiarthrosis

slightly movable joints

diarthrosis/synovial

freely movable joints

Fracture

is a crack or a break in a bone

Greenstick Fx

bone is bent and splints, causing a crack or incomplete break; common in Children

Simple or Closed Fx

a complete break of the bone with no damage to the skin

Compound or Open Fx:

ruptures thru skin, increase in infections

Impacted Fx

broken bones are pushed into each other.

Comminuted

Bone displaces or splinters into more than 2 pieces.

Spiral

bone twists resulting in one or more breaks and radiates up bone.

Colles Fx

breaking and dislocation of the distal radius and ulna that causes a characteristic bulge at the wrist; caused by falling with outstretched hands.

Depression Fx

a broken piece of skull bone moves internally, common with severe head injuries.

Fracture Reduction

Aligning the bone in proper position for healing.

Closed Reduction

uses traction, casting or splint to maintain proper position while the bone heals

Open Reduction

uses surgical repair of the bone. may include the use of special pins, screws, plates or other devices to maintain position