Skeletal System Flashcards

Flashcards about the skeletal system

Bones

Organs that make up the skeletal system.

Number of bones in an adult human

206

Framework function of the skeletal system

Support the body’s muscles, fat, and skin.

Protection function of the skeletal system

Surround organs, like the skull protecting the brain.

Levers for movement function of the skeletal system

Muscles pull on bones to facilitate this.

Storage function of the skeletal system

Minerals, including most of the body’s calcium.

Blood cell formation location

Red bone marrow in the medullary cavity.

Hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis

Red and white blood cells and platelets formation.

Compact bone (cortical bone)

Made of osteons, hard, dense, strong; outer portion of bone.

Cancellous bone (spongy bone)

Lacy, porous; inner portion of bone tissue.

Osteoblast

Building bone matrix, immature cells.

Osteoclast

Break down bone matrix to release minerals.

Osteocyte

Mature bone cell surrounded by bone matrix.

Shapes/Classifications of Bones

long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid

Diaphysis

the long shaft of the long bones

Epiphysis

• the two extremities or ends.

Medullary canal

• cavity in the diaphysis. 

  • Filled with yellow marrow which is mainly fat cells.

Endosteum

• a membrane that lines the medullary canal and keeps the yellow marrow intact. 

  • It also produces some bone growth.

PERIOSTEUM

Tough membrane that covers the outside of the bone.

• Contains blood vessels, lymph vessels and osteoblasts.

• Periosteum is necessary for bone growth, repair and nutrition.

• A thin layer of articular cartilage covers the epiphysis and acts as a shock absorber when two bones meet to form a joint (articulation).

Red Bone Marrow

a type of tissue found within certain bones that produces blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

longitudinal growth

• epiphyseal plate - length

circumferential growth

change in diameter

appositional growth

growth that maintains correct proportions during growth

adult bone development

aging causes loss of bone mass

Epiphyseal plates:

growth plates

Separate the diaphysis from the epiphysis

Cartilage cells at the epiphysis (chondrocytes) reproduce rapidly and die rapidly.

Becomes calcified cartilage and blood vessels begin to grow, building up new bone.

• hypertrophy of bones

stronger bones

• atrophy of bones

weaker bones

SKELETAL SYSTEM IS DIVIDED INTO TWO SECTIONS: what are they called

Axial skeleton and Appendicular skeleton

Axial skeleton

forms the main trunk of the body and is composed of the skull, spinal column, ribs and breastbone.

Appendicular skeleton

forms the extremities and is composed of the shoulder girdle, arm bones, pelvic girdle and leg bones

what is included in the axial skeleton

the skull

the vertebral column

the thoracic cage

what is included in the appendicular skeleton

shoulder & arms

hips & legs

pelvis

The Skull

the cranium

• surround the brain

the facial bones

• protect the front of the head

The Cranium has 8 bones, name them

frontal bone

parietal bones (2)

temporal bones (2)

occipital bones

ethmoid bone

sphenoid bone

The Facial Bones – 14 TOTAL

maxillary bones (2) —— upper jaw

palatine bones (2) —— hard palate

zygomatic bones (2) ——- cheek bones

lacrimal bones (2) —— medial eye area

nasal bones (2) —— bridge of nose

vomer —— vertical bone in nasal area

inferior concha bones (2) —- lateral bone in nasal area

mandible —— lower jaw

Sutures

areas where the cranial bones have joined together.

Sinuses

air spaces in the bones of the skull that act as resonating chambers for the voice. They are lined with mucous membranes.

Foramina

openings in bones that allow nerves and blood vessels to enter or leave the bone.

fontanels

soft spots, allow for the enlargement of the skull as brain growth occurs. (soft spot on baby heads)

Paranasal Sinuses

frontal

ethmoid

sphenoid

maxillary

Spinal Column

Made of 26 bones called vertebrae.

These bones protect the spinal cord and provide support for the head and trunk.

what is included in the spinal column

• 7 cervical (neck)

• 12 thoracic (chest)

• 5 lumbar (waist)

• 1 sacrum (back of pelvic girdle)

• 1 coccyx (tailbone)

Intervertebral Disks

• Pads of cartilage 

• located between vertebrae

• shock absorbers

• allow flexibility

Lordosis

Sway back

Kyphosis

hump back

Scoliosis

Curve side to side

The Upper Extremity

• humerus

• radius

• ulna

  the shoulder girdle

  • scapula

  • clavicle

  the wrist and hand

  • carpals (8)

  • metacarpals (5)

  • phalanges (14)

The Lower Extremity

• the pelvic girdle

  • ilium

  • ischium

  • pubis

• the leg

  • femur

  • tibia

  • fibula

  • patella

• the ankle and foot 

  • tarsals (7)

  • metatarsals (5)

  • phalanges (14)

synarthroses

immovable joints

aka skull

amphiarthrosis

slightly movable joints

diarthrosis/synovial

freely movable joints

Fracture

is a crack or a break in a bone

Greenstick Fx

bone is bent and splints, causing a crack or incomplete break; common in Children

Simple or Closed Fx

a complete break of the bone with no damage to the skin

Compound or Open Fx:

ruptures thru skin, increase in infections

Impacted Fx

broken bones are pushed into each other.

Comminuted

Bone displaces or splinters into more than 2 pieces.

Spiral

bone twists resulting in one or more breaks and radiates up bone.

Colles Fx

breaking and dislocation of the distal radius and ulna that causes a characteristic bulge at the wrist; caused by falling with outstretched hands.

Depression Fx

a broken piece of skull bone moves internally, common with severe head injuries.

Fracture Reduction

Aligning the bone in proper position for healing.

Closed Reduction

uses traction, casting or splint to maintain proper position while the bone heals

Open Reduction

uses surgical repair of the bone. may include the use of special pins, screws, plates or other devices to maintain position

Dislocation

When a bone is forcefully displaced from a joint.

Frequently occurs in shoulders, fingers, knees and hips.

After ______ is reduced, the dislocation is immobilized with a splint, cast, or traction.

Sprain

When a twisting action tears the ligaments at at joint.

most common in wrists and ankles

symptoms: pain, swelling, discoloration, and limited range of motion.

Osteomyelitis

Bone inflammation caused by a pathogenic organism.

Accumulation of pus in the medullary canal

Infection impedes circulation of blood causing bone death

Osteoporosis

Softening of the bones caused by hormone deficiency (estrogen), lack of calcium in the diet, sedentary lifestyle.

Bones become porous, brittle

Bone Density Tests: early detection

Arthritis

A group of diseases involving inflammation of the joints.

Rheumatoid arthritis

autoimmune system attacks joints

Chronic, inflammatory disease affecting the connective tissues and joints

Three times more common in women than n men

Onset often occurs between the ages of 35-45.

Progressive attacks can cause scar tissue formation and atrophy of bone and muscle tissue, which result in permanent deformity and immobility.

Osteoarthritis

degeneration of articular cartilage

Most common form of arthritis

Chronic disease that usually occurs as a result of aging.

Frequently affects the hips and knees.

Symptoms include joint pain, stiffness, aching and limited range of motion.

No cure

Symptoms relieved by: rest, applications of heat and cold, anti-inflammatory medications, aspirin, injection of steroids into the joints and special exercises.

BURSITIS

inflammation of the bursae- small, fluid-filled sacs surrounding the joints.

Frequently affects the shoulders, elbows, hips or knees.

RUPTURED DISC

Also called herniated or slipped disc.

Occurs when an intervertebral disc (pad of cartilage separating the vertebrae) ruptures or protrudes out of place and causes pressure on the spinal nerve.

Most common site is at the lumbar-sacral area, but can occur anywhere on the spinal column.

how many muscles are in the human body

640

what are the functions of the muscular system

Provide body movement

Help Maintain body posture

Protect internal organs

Produce body heat & maintain core body temp.

Provide body shape

Tendon

strong, tough connective cords

attaches muscle to bone.

Ligament

attaches bone to bone.

Fascia

tough, sheet-like membrane cover/protect muscle cells

Skeletal Muscle

Called striated (striped) because they have striations of alternating light and dark bands.

Makes up the fleshy body parts of our body.

Provide movements to the limbs by acting as levers.

Origin

the point a muscle tendon attaches to the stationary bone.

Insertion

the point a muscle’s tendon attaches to the moveable bone.

Belly

the largest part of the muscle containing muscle cells.

Synergist

muscles working together in the same direction for motion

Prime Mover

when one muscle is more important in the motion than another for motion.

Antagonist

relaxes

Agonist

contracts

EXCITABILITY

irritability, the ability to respond to a stimulus such as a nerve impulse.

CONTRACTIBILITY

muscle fibers that are stimulated by nerves contract, or become short and thick, which causes movement.

EXTENSIBILITY

the ability to be stretched

ELASTICITY

allows the muscle to return to its original shape after it has contracted or stretched.

skeletal muscle

voluntary

striated (stripes)

Attached to bones and causes body movement.

Voluntary movement: a person has control over its action.

smooth muscle

involuntary

no striations

Found in the internal organs of the body such as those of the digestive and respiratory systems and the blood vessels and eyes.

cardiac muscle

involuntary

striated

intercalated disks

Forms the walls of the heart and contracts to circulate blood.

Involuntary movement- they function without conscious thought or control.

muscle tone

the state of partial contraction is called, described as a state of readiness to act.

Muscles are partially contracted at all times, even when not in use.

Loss of muscle tone can occur in severe illness such as paralysis.

muscle fatigue

the buildup of lactic acid caused by vigorous exercise where blood is unable to be transported

Sarcomeres

sarcomeres are the area in the muscle cells that shorten in the muscle fibers

Chemical reactions between actin filaments sliding along myosin filaments generate a muscle contraction.

sternocleidomastoid

side of neck

turns and flexes head

trapezius

upper back and neck

extends head, moves shoulder

Deltoid

shoulder

abducts arm, injection site

biceps brachii

upper arm

flexes lower arm

triceps brachii

upper arm

extends lower arm