PHAR2610 Canadian Healthcare System Parts 1-3

Canada has a _____ funded health care system

publicly

A term to describe the continuous reforms and changes that have been made to the healthcare system may be...

dynamic

1867: __________ passed. This act made the federal government responsible for _____ and _________, and the provincial/territorial governments responsible for ________, __________, and _______.

The British North American Act, marine hospitals, quarantine, hospitals, asylums, charities

From 1897 to 1919, the Federal Department of _____ handled health responsibilities. This was until _______(date) when the first _______ was created.

agriculture, September 1st 1919, federal Department of Health

In ______, the first full Medicare Program started in Saskatchewan. This was in ______, which was known to be the poorest area at the time.

1945, Swift Current

In 1947, Saskatchewan initiates the Provincial ____________.

Public Hospital Insurance Plan

The Father of Medicare is considered to be...

Tommy Douglas

_____________ passed in 1957.

Hospital Insurance and Diagnostic Services Act

The Hospital Insurance and Diagnostic Services Act: provided 50/50 cost sharing for ___________.

provinces and territories hospital insurance plans

In 1961, the Federal Government created __________.

Royal Commissions on Health Services

The Royal Commission on Health Services appointed _________ as chair. The main purpose was to study _______________ in Canada

Emmet Hall, the need for health insurance and health services

In ___, the Royal Commission reported and proposed that the Saskatchewan Medicare system should be the model for Canada

1964

In 1966, ___________ passed and was implemented in 1968.

Medical Care Act

The Medical Care Act provided...

50/50 federal cost sharing for physician services

Also in 1966, __________ was introduced. It provided cost-sharing for ________ and ________ not covered under hospital plans for __________.

Canada Assistance Plan, social-services, health care, those in need

In 1977, due to __________, federal cost-sharing shifted to block funding

The Federal-Provincial Fiscal Arrangements and Established Programs Financing Act (EPF)

By 1982, the EPF has removed ________ and amended ________.

revenue guarantee, funding formula

Another review by Emmet Hall was commissioned in ____

1979

This second review by Hall discovered 2 issues that undermined universal accessibility:

user-fees by hospitals, extra-billing by doctors

What act passed after Hall's second review? What year?

Canada Health Act, 1984

The Canada Health Act can be described as a combination of...

Hospital Insurance Act + Medical Care Act

The Canada Health Act has 5 principles...

Public administration, Comprehensiveness, Portability, Universality, Accessibility

By what year were all provinces and territories in compliance with the Canada Health Act?

1987

___________: administration and operation on non-profit basis by public authority accountable to the government

Public administration

Comprehensiveness: all ________ services are covered

medically necessary

Universality: all residents are covered on __________

uniform terms

Portability: _________

coverage across Canada

____________: reasonable, unimpeded access, with no financial or discriminatory barriers

Accessibility

The _________ sets the conditions that the provinces and territories must fulfill to receive ________

Canada Health Act, Canada Health Transfer (CHT)

True or False: Although the governing principles for all provinces are set by the CHA, the specifics of care in each province differs

true

The ________ government sets and administers national principles

Federal

The _________ government delivers services to specific groups, these groups are.... (5)

Federal, veterans, Indigenous, military, RCMP, federal inmates

The ________ government administers health insurance plans

Provincial

The _______ government negotiates fees with health professionals

Provincial

The _______ government pays for home care, continuing care, palliative care, mental health, some pharmacare, and public health

Provincial

True or False: Only the Federal governments fulfills health related activities such as health promotion

False, both the federal and provincial governments fulfill this

Examples of supplemental health services are.... (7)

drugs prescribed outside hospitals, ambulances, vision, hearing, dental, physio, counseling

Most provincial/territorial governments offer and fund some supplementary benefits for certain groups, 2 examples of these groups are...

seniors, low income

Supplementary health services are mostly financed by _______ and _______ insurance, or be _______

private , employment, paid out of pocket

True or False: Private insurers can cover the same things the CHA covers

false

What does the worker's compensation agency do?

fund healthcare services for workers who are injured on the job

Currently the NL Healthcare System is in transition from _________ to ________

4 regional health authorities, one unified provincial health authority (PHA)

The 5 new zones for PHA are...

central, eastern-urban, eastern-rural, western, labrador-grenfell

The NL Healthcare System is divided into 3 areas of services...

acute, long term care, community

Emergency services, outpatient clinics, and diagnostics are all examples of ______ services

acute

Nursing, rehab, palliative care, dietetic care are examples of _________

long term care

Long term care can be _______

subsidized

Health promotion, home IV program, dialysis, and wound care are all examples of ________ services

community

Both acute and community services are ______ funded

publicly

Examples of general services of acute care include... (2)

general surgery, internal medicine

Examples of specialized services of acute care include... (3)

obstetrics, hematology, cardiology

Half of NL's Healthcare system is covered federally through the CHT, the other half comes from...

provincial tax revenues

PHA's revenue sources include... (4)

provincial funding, inpatient and outpatient revenue, recoveries, MCP

The annual operating budget for PHA is...

3 billion

Majority of taxes are used to fund ______ and _______ services, however, the remaining funds are used to __________ and __________

hospital, physician, subsidize long term care, prescription drugs

In 2020, there were travel restrictions, lockdowns, and business closures due to Covid-19. This resulted in a __% drop in the GDP growth rate.

4.6%

________ is the name of the initiative created by the federal and provincial governments which aim to improve Canadian health care

Taking the pulse

Taking the pulse aims to expand ______ and improve access to ______

family health services, primary health care

Taking the pulse aims to increase the supply of ________ and ________ services

health workers, substance use

Taking the pulse aims to modernize ________ systems

healthcare information

Hospital expenditures are projected to increase __% in 2023 and __% in 2024

6.3%, 6.1%

Physician expenditures are projected to increase __% in 2023, and __% in 2024

7.5%, 4.4%

Total drug expenditures are projected to increase __% in 2023, and __% in 2024

5.6%, 3.8%

True or False: Hospital spending accounts for the lowest portion of healthcare spending at 26%

false, it is the largest

The largest expense in hospitals are ______

employee compensation

Physician expenditures will account for __% of total health expenditures

13%

The substitution of ______ for ______ drugs continues to have a ______ effect on drug spending growth

generic, brand name, dampening

Between 1997 and 2025, the cost of public health care insurance for the average family increases twice as fast as...

food, income, shelter, clothing

The goal of Mirror, Mirror 2021 was to compare the performance of 11 __________countries

high income

The results of Mirror, Mirror 2021 revealed that Canada trails far behind other countries on measures of health care... (4)

affordability, administrative efficacy, equity, outcomes

The 5 areas of evaluation criteria for Mirror, Mirror 2021 are...

quality of care/care process, access, administrative efficiently, equity, health outcomes

Pharmacists are regarded as the medication ________, they _______ with patients, their families, and other health care professionals

management experts, collaborate

True or False: Pharmacists are the most accessible healthcare professionals

true

More than 60% of pharmacists were ____, and about 44.4% of the pharmacist supply was younger than __

female, 40

Around __% work in community pharmacies

70%

__% work in hospitals

15%

15% work in other settings, these include... (4)

pharmaceutical industry, government, associations, colleges/universities

Pharmacists delver innovative services, these include... (4)

medication reviews, chronic disease management, immunization services, wellness programs

To be able to prescribe, pharmacist must apply to ___ for authorization, complete the ________, and be approved

CPNL, CPNL's Prescribing Orientation Program

A pharmacist may not prescribe 3 types of substances...

narcotics, controlled drugs, targeted substances

Pharmacists may not prescribe for _____ or _______

animals, themselves

True or False: Pharmacists may not prescribe for family members or people they have a close relationship with

false, they can if there is no alternative, and it must be documented