Unit 9 Chapter 25-27 Facts and Terms IB History of the Americas

Washington Conference

International conference held in 1921-1922. Aimed to prevent naval arms race among major powers. Resulted in naval disarmament agreement

5 Power Pact

Includes promises to prevent nuclear proliferation and reduce nuclear arsenals. Aimed at strengthening the global non-proliferation regime. Encourages cooperation on nuclear security and disarmament. Signatories commit to working towards a world free of nuclear weapons.

Kellog-Briand Pact

A 1928 agreement where countries renounced war as a tool for foreign policy. Aimed at preventing another world war.

Good Neighbor Policy

U.S. foreign policy towards Latin America in the 1930s, promoting non-intervention and cooperation. Focused on mutual respect, economic collaboration, and ending military interventions.

Nye Commmittee Heaings

Investigations in the 1930s by the Senate on the US involvement in WWI, revealing arms industry influence on foreign polic

Neutrality Acts

U.S. laws in 1930s aimed to keep the country out of conflicts by restricting arms sales and trade with belligerent nations.

Cash and Carry

Policy by the US in WWII allowing nations to buy goods if they paid in cash and transported them on their own ships, avoiding debt and involvement.

Quarantine Speech

Issued by FDR in 1937, advocating for international cooperation and non-intervention in European conflicts to prevent involvement in WWII.

Munich Conference

Event in 1938 where Britain and France appeased Hitler by allowing him to annex Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia, failing to prevent WWII.

USS Panay

US gunboat sunk by Japanese aircraft in 1937 during the Second Sino-Japanese War, leading to strained US-Japan relations before WWII.

Interventionalists

A group advocating for U.S. involvement in WW2 before Pearl Harbor. They believed in supporting Allied powers to prevent Axis aggression.

America First Committee

Opposed to the Fight for Freedom Committee. Attacked prominent members such as General Wood, Charles Lindbergh, SenatorNye; and won the editoral support for the Hearst chain. Influencial in preventing US from aiding allies, isolation.

Lend-Lease

A program by the U.S. during WWII to provide military aid to Allies without direct involvement, boosting their war efforts.

The Holocaust

Systematic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its collaborators during World War II.

Henry J. Kaiser

Industrialist known for shipbuilding during WWII and founding Kaiser Permanente, a healthcare organization. Pioneered construction and healthcare industries. Major Production boost during wartime.

A. Philip Pandolph

Prominent African American civil rights activist who founded the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and was a key figure in the March on Washington Movement. Pushed U.S. to move towards equality.

Braceros

Mexican farm laborers allowed to work in the US during WWII labor shortage under a bilateral agreement, shaping Mexican-American history. Increased migration when needed labor.

Fair Employment Practices Commission

Established in 1941 to combat job discrimination based on race, color, religion, or national origin, promoting equal employment opportunities.

Rosie the Riveter

Iconic symbol of American women who worked in factories and shipyards during WWII, representing female empowerment and contribution to the war effort.

Japenses Internment

The forced relocation and incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II, following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941.

Korematsu vs US

Supreme Court case (1944) upheld internment of Japanese Americans during WWII. Decision based on national security, not race, but later widely criticized.

Manhattan Project

Top-secret U.S. government project during WWII to develop the atomic bomb. Led to bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, ending the war.

Yalta

Conference held in 1945 where Allied leaders Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt discussed post-WWII plans and division of Germany.

Security Council

A key organ of the UN responsible for maintaining international peace and security. It has 15 members, including 5 permanent ones with veto power.

Containment Doctrine

U.S. policy during the Cold War to prevent the spread of communism, primarily by diplomatic, economic, and military means.

George F. Kennan

American diplomat and historian known for his "Long Telegram" and the concept of containment during the Cold War.

Marshall Plan

U.S. initiative to aid Western Europe after WWII, providing economic support to rebuild and prevent communism.

National Securities Act

Legislation passed in 1934 to regulate the securities industry and protect investors from fraudulent activities.

NATO

A military alliance of 30 countries in North America and Europe. It was established in 1949 to promote security and defense cooperation among its members.

NSC - 68

A top-secret policy paper in 1950 outlining the U.S. strategy during the Cold War. It advocated for a significant increase in military spending to contain communism.

Fair Deal

A set of domestic policies proposed by U.S. President Harry S. Truman in 1949 aimed at improving social welfare and civil rights in the United States.

States’ Rights Party

Political party in the U.S. advocating for states' rights and segregation in the mid-20th century, mainly in the South.

General Douglas MacArthur

An American military leader who played a prominent role in World War II, overseeing the Pacific theater. He later commanded United Nations forces in the Korean War.

HUAC

A U.S. congressional committee that investigated alleged disloyalty and subversive activities by private citizens, public employees, and organizations suspected of having communist ties during the Cold War era.

Alger Hiss

American government official accused of being a Soviet spy during the Cold War; convicted of perjury in 1950.

Julius and Ethel Rosenburg

American couple executed in 1953 for passing atomic secrets to the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Controversial case with allegations of espionage.

Joseph McCarthy

American politician who led the anti-communist movement in the 1950s, known for McCarthyism and the Red Scare.

Checkers Speech

A televised speech by Richard Nixon in 1952 where he defended himself, mentioning a dog named Checkers gifted to him, helping him stay on the Republican ticket as Eisenhower's running mate.