Northern Renaissance and Reformation Review

These flashcards cover key vocabulary and concepts from the Northern Renaissance and Reformation period, focusing on individuals, events, and important definitions.

Jan Van Eyck

Famous for his painting- using oil based paint.

Renaissance

A period marked by the celebration of individual achievement and a renewed interest in Ancient Greco-Roman civilization.

Humanism

A rational philosophy informed by science, inspired by art, and motivated by compassion, affirming human dignity and individual liberty.

Printing Press

A machine that transfers text and images from movable type to paper, revolutionizing access to ideas and information.

Johannes Gutenberg

Credited with the creation of the Printing Press around 1440.

Vernacular

The native language spoken by the people in their country; important for promoting literacy and the spread of ideas.

Protestant Reformation

A movement in the 16th century that resulted in the establishment of different branches of Christianity and challenged the authority of the Catholic Church.

95 Theses

Martin Luther's document that criticized the selling of indulgences and called for reforms within the Church.

Diet of Worms

The assembly of the Holy Roman Empire where Martin Luther was declared an outlaw for refusing to recant his beliefs.

Peace of Augsburg

A religious resolution allowing German princes to choose the religion of their region (Catholic or Protestant).

Jesuits

A group founded by St. Ignatius of Loyola aimed at reforming the Catholic church through education and missionary work.

Bloody Mary

Nickname of Queen Mary I of England, known for her persecution of Protestants to reinstate Catholicism.

Gloriana

Nickname of Queen Elizabeth I, known for her prosperous and peaceful reign over England.

Council of Trent

A council of the Roman Catholic Church held to reaffirm its doctrines and address abuses.

Indulgences

Payments made to the Church for the remission of sins that were heavily criticized during the Reformation.

King Henry VIII

King of England who broke from the Catholic Church to form the Church of England after his marriage annulment was refused.

Where did the Renaissance movement primarily begin?

In Florence, Italy, before spreading across Europe.

Who was John Calvin?

A key French theologian who became a leading figure in the Protestant Reformation, developing Calvinism and advocating for predestination.

What is predestination?

A central doctrine of Calvinism stating that God has already determined who will achieve salvation and who will not.

What was the primary mission of the Jesuit order, founded by St. Ignatius of Loyola?

To educate and convert non-Christians, defend the Catholic faith against the Reformation, and serve the Pope.

What was the main characteristic of Queen Elizabeth I's religious policy?

The establishment of a moderate religious settlement (the Elizabethan Religious Settlement) that attempted to find a middle ground between Catholicism and Protestantism in England.

What was the overall goal of the Counter-Reformation?

To reform the Catholic Church from within and to combat the spread of Protestantism.