Nitrogen groups

What is an amide

A nitrogen directly bonded to a carboxyl bond

What is an amine

A nitrogen group in the carbon chain

What is the difference between a primary, secondary and tertiary amine/amide

Primary/secondary/tertiary refer to the number of carbons attached to the nitrogen

How to form an amide

Use an acyl chloride and react with ammonia for a primary amide (use methylamine for a secondary amide)

What can amine groups act as

Bases

Definition of a salt

The molecule formed when a hydrogen ion is replaced by a metal or ammonium ion

How can we form aliphatic amines

Using haloalkanes, as the lone pair on the nitrogen acts as a nucleophile, and the molecule undergoes nucleophilic substitution

What are the conditions used in the synthesis of amines and why

excess ethanolic ammonia 

Excess to avoid further substitution

Ethanol to avoid the reaction of haloalkane and water to form alcohols

How can we form aromatic amines 

We form nitrobenzene using electrophilic substitution (benzene topic) then we can react this with concentrated HCl and tin to reduce the NO2 to NH2

What is an amino acid

A molecule with an amine group and a carboxylic acid group (bonded to the same carbon)

Are amino acids basic or acidic

They can react like both, as amines are basic and carboxylic acids are acidic

What is chirality

A non superimposable mirror image of a molecule onto itself

How to find a chiral centre

The chiral centre has 4 different atom/groups of atoms attached to one carbon

Formula for the number of stereoisomers in a molecule

2^(no. of bonds that can have E/Z + no. of chiral centres)

What are the 2 ways of forming polyesters/polyamides

Using one monomer with 2 functional groups, or using 2 monomers each containing 2 of a functional group

What is another name for polyamides

nylon

Use of polyamides

Ropes, strings

Condensation polymerisation definition

The joining of monomers with the loss of a small molecule

What is different about acid vs alkali hydrolysis

How to determine the products of hydrolysis

Break all amide and ester links

if acid hydrolysis: protonate all amines/basic groups

If alkali hydroysis: de protonate all acid groups