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solid properties
particles arranged in regular pattern, fixed shape, particles can vibrate but not move
liquid properties
take the shape of container, cannot expand or be compressed, molecules move randomly, stay close to one another
gas properties
will expand to fill any container, can be compressed, molecules relatively far apart, molecules move freely
what happens when there are stronger forces of attraction between particle?
more energy needed to break them
what is ionic bonding
When a metal reacts with a non-metal
ionic compound properties
-form giant lattices
-strong forces of attraction between negative and positive ions
-very high melting and boiling points
-cannot conduct electricity when they are solids as ions cannot move due to strong electrostatic forces
-can conduct electricity when melted or dissolved in water as ions can move freely and carry charge
what is a cation?
A positively charged ion
what is an anion?
A negatively charged ion
what is covalent bonding?
when non metals share one or more pairs of electrons
small covalent molecules properties
-low melting and boiling point
-strong covalent bonds
-weak intermolecular forces, do not require lots of energy to break
-usually gases and liquids at room temperature
-do not conduct electricity as molecules do not have an overall charge
giant covalent structure properties
-high melting and boiling point, strong covalent bonds and lots of energy is needed to break the forces
-insoluble in water
-apart from graphite, they are hard not to conduct electricity
graphite properties
-form hexagons which arranged into giant layers
-no covalent bonds between layers only weak intermolecular forces so layers can slide over each other
-makes graphite soft material that feels slippery to touch
-each carbon atom has 3 strong covalent bonds and carbon atoms have 4 electrons on their last shell leaving a delocalised electron
-good conductor of thermal energy
what do delocalised electrons do?
allows compounds to conduct electricity as they are free to move and carry charge and also conduction of thermal energy
carbon nanotube properties
-high tensile strength
-high electrical and thermal conductivity
buckminsterfullerene properties
-60 carbon atoms
-joined together in a series of hexagons and pentagons
-most symmetrical so most stable fullerene
-can be used to deliver drugs into the body to treat radioactive atoms to treat cancer
-can be used as lubricants and catalysts
graphene properties
-excellent conductor of themal and electrical energy
-low density
-3 covalent bonds, one free carbon atom
metallic bonding properties
-lattice of positively charged ions, arranged in regular layers , on top of one another
-outer electrons from each metal atom can move easily throughout the giant structure
-outer electrons form a sea of delocalised electrons surrounding positively charged ions bonding to the metal ions
what are alloys?
mixtures of metals
advantage of using an alloy
makes it harder for the layers in metals giant structure to slide over each other, so they are harder than non metals
what does one nanoparticle equal to?
1nm = 1*10^-9 metres
nanoparticles properties
-can combine to form nanostructures
-has high surface area to volume ratio
-in sunscreen, provide better skin coverage, more effective protection from the sun's harmful UV rays
-however they are so small they could get into and damage the human cells or cause damage to the environment
-good catalysts due to very large surface area to volume ratio
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